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TARIK IBN ZIAD AND THE CONQUEST OF ANDALUSIA
Between truths and legends
Speaking of the time of the events, (680 711) Ibn Khaldoun writes that "in truth the Muslim fleets begin at this time (698) to outclass the Byzantine fleets in the Mediterranean, a reality that will decisively determine success.
What is also known is that since the first victories and over time, the Muslim armies have refined their military organization, enriching themselves with the technical and material knowledge of the subjugated peoples, which allows them to impose their power on the entire periphery. of the Mediterranean and to establish a new social and political order carried by a religion, Islam, around the Koran preaching a "single God Allah and Mohamed his Prophet".
The Umayyad power, whose seat is so far, more than 10,000 kilometers managed to impose between 714 and 730 a military protectorate on the Iberian Peninsula as was the case on other newly conquered territories without a real policy of compulsory religious conversion.
The conquest has been rapid, often dazzling, but the demand for an administration of the new territories growing larger and farther and farther from the starting point is problematic.
The Muslim army had in its midst strong men, brave and impregnated with a strong sense of serving God and Islam, to amass loot, as retribution for the maintenance of their families, but the need to manage the new concrete challenges of the organization of the powers of the conquered countries oblige them to resort to the human resources of the conquered and their institutional infrastructures.
The spear or arrow is not enough to manage a province.
On the one hand, there is a nomadic mentality, characterized by a free life recognizing only the authority of a chief when it is accepted by the tribe, without being able to direct real or administration. On the other, a sedentary society with its forms of organization, administration and management of everyday life and its requirements at all times ...
Recourse to the system of operation and social organization of conquered countries is therefore a necessity, without which anarchy is an obstacle to the pursuit of conquest objectives.
The defeated country can raise the head because without him the protectorate that we want to impose will be inefficient. Arab institutions are based on a civil law that merges with religious law to form a single science based on the interpretation of the Koran.
We are at the beginning of the Muslim presence in Spain, the task will prove difficult. The questioning remains that of continuing the conquest to other territories, beyond the fallen Visigothic kingdom (Spain), or to stop it, to reinforce the gains and to see the future coming.
But the appetite is insatiable and the prospects of loot arouse much lust. The weakness of the adversary opens great boulevards before the Muslim troops whose seat of power in the peninsula is transferred from Seville to Cordoba, the peninsula taking the name of al-Andalus (Vandale-Us, the land of the Vandals?) .
The conquered lands now depend on the governorate of North Africa, organized in administrative districts led by a boss, modeled on ancient Visigothic models. The first coins were put into circulation as early as 712, stamped with the Umayyad seal.
The mad ride has led the fiery horsemen, preceded by the green banner of Islam, far away. Logistics, however, can not always keep pace; it is out of breath and loses its effectiveness.
Troops, including Berbers, are accompanied by their families, the latter had only to cross the 14-kilometer Strait of Tangier on the African coast. Conversions to Islam by indigenous people are starting rapidly, especially among the elites.
Rivalries are exiled
Tarik Ibn Ziyad, can we read in the novel of Abdelaziz Ferrah appears before Moussa without his weapons, with a miserable escort. Moussa Ibn Noçaïr, always on horseback, does not restrain himself from Tarik, deferential to the ground.
In anger, he gave his lieutenant a whiplash that the latter received without flinching. The interest of the conquest being in his eyes, nobler than his personal fate, Tarik was anxious not to aggravate the situation by shedding the blood of the fighters of Islam of the two Muslim armies, although his being ready , was led by his childhood friend Moughit against his opinion.
Barely entered Toledo, and led to the Alcazar (al Kasr, the castle), Moussa Ibn Noçaïr claimed for the caliph a precious table found in the city which was since named Alméïda (Table).
Yet Tarik, who had put his hand on the crowns of the twenty-five kings of the monarchy he had just shot, had already seized this emerald table which is said to be part of the treasure of the Temple built around 960 BC In Jerusalem, where the famous Ark of the Covenant, which contained the Tablets of the Law received by Moses of the Almighty Lord, was carefully guarded for centuries and informed Musa Ibn Noceir of this capture of the war.
El Hakam writes: "Tarik wrote to Musa Ibn Noa'ir informing him of the conquest of al-Andalus and the spoils he had made there."
"She was emerald, it is said, and was not less than three hundred and sixty feet. It was claimed that it was Solomon Ibn Daoud's famous table, brought to Spain when the temple of Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar.
Tarik ibn Ziyad presented it, but amputated a foot; and seizing this frivolous pretext to overwhelm him with reproaches, Musa Ibn Noahir took the command from the conqueror of Guadalete; he even had him thrown into prison, and, it is said, beat him in spite of the prayers of their companions in arms.
But soon, the severe orders of the caliph, forced the governor Moussa Ibn Noçaïr to a public reconciliation, that the whole army greeted with cries of joy ...
"This transient quarrel, to which jealousies of races and tribes were probably also attached, was the prelude to fatal disagreements, which later on became among the victors, and finally became the principal cause of their total ruin."
The Caliph Walid ibn Abd Malik had knowledge of the dissensions and fear of compromising the conquest, recalled them in the East. They obeyed, but before embarking, Moussa Ibn Noçaïr appointed his son Abdelaziz, to whom he assigned Seville as the center of superior authority, Ibn el-Qutiya tells us.
The Khalif asked for a report on the conquest and the catches of war. Suspicion of diversion of Khalifat property is old. It dates from his father Moussa continued to preserve, aggravating his case in the eyes of the Khalif.
Ibn el-Qutiya continuing his story:
"Moussa then took the road to Syria, taking with him 30,000 young virgins, daughters of the princes of the Goths (Spaniards) and their leaders, and carrying with them the spoils of Spain, the Table of Solomon, and an immense quantity of jewels and other precious objects ... "
"... When Moussa presented himself to the Caliph in 715, greatly reduced by illness, he ostentatiously displayed some of what he had brought back, not to mention the valuable piece of furniture.
Nevertheless, Tarik who accompanied him loudly claimed the honor of having taken the Table of Solomon ... ".
"... Moussa, without losing his morgue, affirmed the opposite with obvious bad faith. On this, "Tariq asked El-Walid to question Moussa about what had become of the missing foot (and which was replaced by order of the governor); As Moussa had no knowledge of it, General Tarik then showed the Khalifa the authentic foot by explaining to him that, suspecting the Governor of jealousy and falsehood, he had - for this reason - removed and then hidden the foot of Solomon's Table. ".
"... A man of unquestioning honesty, Tarik Ibn Ziad, whose life and work are worthy of being honored and admired, had the soul filled with all great moral sentiments. Integral and honest, exemplary character of duty and sacrifice, this virtuous conqueror was guided by the Will of God and the love of his Prophet Muhammad who ordered him "to advance and to accomplish his enterprise".
Moussa Ibn Noçaïr will be doubly condemned because immediately the Caliph Walid ibn Malek died of disease in 715, his brother and successor Suleyman not only confirms the sentence of a fine and his marginalization but according to several sources will cut his head and that of his son Abdelaziz left in Andalusia as governor.
As for Tarik Ibn Ziyad, sources maintain that "no historical reference mentions a possible official questioning of the role of Tarik and his troops". There is no accurate and credible information about the life of Tariq Ibn Ziyad in Damascus
Other writers report that Tarik Ibn Ziyad was taken chained by Moussa Ibn Noçaïr and died on the road to Damascus.
What is verified however is that Tarik Ibn Ziyad ended his life in Damascus in 720, five years after the interview with the Khalif. He must have on that date, in 720, less than 40 years.
Karim Younes
Extracts (short and successive without taking into account chronological order) The fall of Granada, The new world borders Casbah editions, 2014 by the author.
Between truths and legends
Speaking of the time of the events, (680 711) Ibn Khaldoun writes that "in truth the Muslim fleets begin at this time (698) to outclass the Byzantine fleets in the Mediterranean, a reality that will decisively determine success.
What is also known is that since the first victories and over time, the Muslim armies have refined their military organization, enriching themselves with the technical and material knowledge of the subjugated peoples, which allows them to impose their power on the entire periphery. of the Mediterranean and to establish a new social and political order carried by a religion, Islam, around the Koran preaching a "single God Allah and Mohamed his Prophet".
The Umayyad power, whose seat is so far, more than 10,000 kilometers managed to impose between 714 and 730 a military protectorate on the Iberian Peninsula as was the case on other newly conquered territories without a real policy of compulsory religious conversion.
The conquest has been rapid, often dazzling, but the demand for an administration of the new territories growing larger and farther and farther from the starting point is problematic.
The Muslim army had in its midst strong men, brave and impregnated with a strong sense of serving God and Islam, to amass loot, as retribution for the maintenance of their families, but the need to manage the new concrete challenges of the organization of the powers of the conquered countries oblige them to resort to the human resources of the conquered and their institutional infrastructures.
The spear or arrow is not enough to manage a province.
On the one hand, there is a nomadic mentality, characterized by a free life recognizing only the authority of a chief when it is accepted by the tribe, without being able to direct real or administration. On the other, a sedentary society with its forms of organization, administration and management of everyday life and its requirements at all times ...
Recourse to the system of operation and social organization of conquered countries is therefore a necessity, without which anarchy is an obstacle to the pursuit of conquest objectives.
The defeated country can raise the head because without him the protectorate that we want to impose will be inefficient. Arab institutions are based on a civil law that merges with religious law to form a single science based on the interpretation of the Koran.
We are at the beginning of the Muslim presence in Spain, the task will prove difficult. The questioning remains that of continuing the conquest to other territories, beyond the fallen Visigothic kingdom (Spain), or to stop it, to reinforce the gains and to see the future coming.
But the appetite is insatiable and the prospects of loot arouse much lust. The weakness of the adversary opens great boulevards before the Muslim troops whose seat of power in the peninsula is transferred from Seville to Cordoba, the peninsula taking the name of al-Andalus (Vandale-Us, the land of the Vandals?) .
The conquered lands now depend on the governorate of North Africa, organized in administrative districts led by a boss, modeled on ancient Visigothic models. The first coins were put into circulation as early as 712, stamped with the Umayyad seal.
The mad ride has led the fiery horsemen, preceded by the green banner of Islam, far away. Logistics, however, can not always keep pace; it is out of breath and loses its effectiveness.
Troops, including Berbers, are accompanied by their families, the latter had only to cross the 14-kilometer Strait of Tangier on the African coast. Conversions to Islam by indigenous people are starting rapidly, especially among the elites.
Rivalries are exiled
Tarik Ibn Ziyad, can we read in the novel of Abdelaziz Ferrah appears before Moussa without his weapons, with a miserable escort. Moussa Ibn Noçaïr, always on horseback, does not restrain himself from Tarik, deferential to the ground.
In anger, he gave his lieutenant a whiplash that the latter received without flinching. The interest of the conquest being in his eyes, nobler than his personal fate, Tarik was anxious not to aggravate the situation by shedding the blood of the fighters of Islam of the two Muslim armies, although his being ready , was led by his childhood friend Moughit against his opinion.
Barely entered Toledo, and led to the Alcazar (al Kasr, the castle), Moussa Ibn Noçaïr claimed for the caliph a precious table found in the city which was since named Alméïda (Table).
Yet Tarik, who had put his hand on the crowns of the twenty-five kings of the monarchy he had just shot, had already seized this emerald table which is said to be part of the treasure of the Temple built around 960 BC In Jerusalem, where the famous Ark of the Covenant, which contained the Tablets of the Law received by Moses of the Almighty Lord, was carefully guarded for centuries and informed Musa Ibn Noceir of this capture of the war.
El Hakam writes: "Tarik wrote to Musa Ibn Noa'ir informing him of the conquest of al-Andalus and the spoils he had made there."
"She was emerald, it is said, and was not less than three hundred and sixty feet. It was claimed that it was Solomon Ibn Daoud's famous table, brought to Spain when the temple of Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar.
Tarik ibn Ziyad presented it, but amputated a foot; and seizing this frivolous pretext to overwhelm him with reproaches, Musa Ibn Noahir took the command from the conqueror of Guadalete; he even had him thrown into prison, and, it is said, beat him in spite of the prayers of their companions in arms.
But soon, the severe orders of the caliph, forced the governor Moussa Ibn Noçaïr to a public reconciliation, that the whole army greeted with cries of joy ...
"This transient quarrel, to which jealousies of races and tribes were probably also attached, was the prelude to fatal disagreements, which later on became among the victors, and finally became the principal cause of their total ruin."
The Caliph Walid ibn Abd Malik had knowledge of the dissensions and fear of compromising the conquest, recalled them in the East. They obeyed, but before embarking, Moussa Ibn Noçaïr appointed his son Abdelaziz, to whom he assigned Seville as the center of superior authority, Ibn el-Qutiya tells us.
The Khalif asked for a report on the conquest and the catches of war. Suspicion of diversion of Khalifat property is old. It dates from his father Moussa continued to preserve, aggravating his case in the eyes of the Khalif.
Ibn el-Qutiya continuing his story:
"Moussa then took the road to Syria, taking with him 30,000 young virgins, daughters of the princes of the Goths (Spaniards) and their leaders, and carrying with them the spoils of Spain, the Table of Solomon, and an immense quantity of jewels and other precious objects ... "
"... When Moussa presented himself to the Caliph in 715, greatly reduced by illness, he ostentatiously displayed some of what he had brought back, not to mention the valuable piece of furniture.
Nevertheless, Tarik who accompanied him loudly claimed the honor of having taken the Table of Solomon ... ".
"... Moussa, without losing his morgue, affirmed the opposite with obvious bad faith. On this, "Tariq asked El-Walid to question Moussa about what had become of the missing foot (and which was replaced by order of the governor); As Moussa had no knowledge of it, General Tarik then showed the Khalifa the authentic foot by explaining to him that, suspecting the Governor of jealousy and falsehood, he had - for this reason - removed and then hidden the foot of Solomon's Table. ".
"... A man of unquestioning honesty, Tarik Ibn Ziad, whose life and work are worthy of being honored and admired, had the soul filled with all great moral sentiments. Integral and honest, exemplary character of duty and sacrifice, this virtuous conqueror was guided by the Will of God and the love of his Prophet Muhammad who ordered him "to advance and to accomplish his enterprise".
Moussa Ibn Noçaïr will be doubly condemned because immediately the Caliph Walid ibn Malek died of disease in 715, his brother and successor Suleyman not only confirms the sentence of a fine and his marginalization but according to several sources will cut his head and that of his son Abdelaziz left in Andalusia as governor.
As for Tarik Ibn Ziyad, sources maintain that "no historical reference mentions a possible official questioning of the role of Tarik and his troops". There is no accurate and credible information about the life of Tariq Ibn Ziyad in Damascus
Other writers report that Tarik Ibn Ziyad was taken chained by Moussa Ibn Noçaïr and died on the road to Damascus.
What is verified however is that Tarik Ibn Ziyad ended his life in Damascus in 720, five years after the interview with the Khalif. He must have on that date, in 720, less than 40 years.
Karim Younes
Extracts (short and successive without taking into account chronological order) The fall of Granada, The new world borders Casbah editions, 2014 by the author.
