Tank Ammunition...

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Tank Ammunition Types

Following the First World War, tank armor was improved in terms of both thickness and quality. To be able to penetrate the armor of the tanks of potential enemies, it became necessary to design guns and shells for this specific purpose. During the thirties and forties, a large number of new shell types saw combat. The descriptions below will give a brief overview of the main types of shells, explaining the basic designs, the method with which the shells penetrate an armor plate, and in which way they are designed to disable the tank against which they are fired.

Armor Piercing (AP) Shell

The earliest and most simple anti-tank shell was the basic armor piercing, or AP, shell. An AP shell is made from solid steel with a high carbon contents, which increases the hardness of the steel.

Armor plate penetration is achieved by the kinetic energy of the shell. If the mass or the velocity of the shell is increased, so will the penetration capability of the shell. Inversely, as the velocity of the shell decreases over range due to air resistance, so will the penetration capability.

Assuming the shell penetrates the armor of the tank being fired at, if the shell doesn't contains an explosive filler, it will essentially act as a large bullet. It may damage the interior or the engine, cause the ammunition to explode, cause the fuel to catch fire, or injure the crew.

First World War era
Shot and shell used prior to and during World War I were generally cast from special chromium (stainless) steel that was melted in pots. They were forged into shape afterward and then thoroughly annealed, the core bored at the rear and the exterior turned up in a lathe. The projectiles were finished in a similar manner to others described above. The final, or tempering treatment, which gave the required hardness/toughness profile (differential hardening) to the projectile body, was a closely guarded secret.

The rear cavity of these projectiles was capable of receiving a small bursting charge of about 2% of the weight of the complete projectile; when this is used, the projectile is called a shell, not a shot. The HE filling of the shell, whether fuzed or unfuzed, had a tendency to explode on striking armor in excess of its ability to perforate.
Second World War
During World War II, projectiles used highly alloyed steels containing nickel-chromium-molybdenum, although in Germany, this had to be changed to a silicon-manganese-chromium-based alloy when those grades became scarce. The latter alloy, although able to be hardened to the same level, was more brittle and had a tendency to shatter on striking highly sloped armor. The shattered shot lowered penetration, or resulted in total penetration failure; for armor-piercing high-explosive (APHE) projectiles, this could result in premature detonation of the HE filling. Highly advanced and precise methods of differentially hardening the projectile were developed during this period, especially by the German armament industry. The resulting projectiles gradually change from high hardness (low toughness) at the head to high toughness (low hardness) at the rear and were much less likely to fail on impact.

APHE shells for tank guns, although used by most forces of this period, were not used by the British. The only British APHE projectile was the Shell AP, Mk1 for the 2 pdr anti-tank gun and this was dropped as it was found that the fuze tended to separate from the body during penetration. Even when the fuze didn’t separate and the system functioned correctly, damage to the interior was little different from the solid shot, and so did not warrant the additional time and cost of producing a shell version. APHE projectiles of this period used a bursting charge of about 1–3% of the weight of the complete projectile, the filling detonated by a rear mounted delay fuze. The explosive used in APHE projectiles needs to be highly insensitive to shock to prevent premature detonation. The US forces normally used the explosiveExplosive D, otherwise known as ammonium picrate, for this purpose. Other combatant forces of the period used various explosives, suitably desensitized (usually by the use of waxes mixed with the explosive).

Due to the increase in armor thickness during the conflict, the projectiles’ size and impact velocity had to be increased to ensure perforation. At these higher velocities, the hardened tip of the shot or shell has to be protected from the initial impact shock, or risk shattering. To raise the impact velocity and stop the shattering, they were initially fitted with soft steel penetrating caps. The best performance penetrating caps were not very aerodynamic, so an additional ballistic cap was later fitted to reduce drag. The resulting projectile types were named armor-piercing capped (APC) and armor-piercing capped ballistic capped (APCBC).

Early WWII-era uncapped AP projectiles fired from high-velocity guns were able to penetrate about twice their caliber at close range (100 m). At longer ranges (500-1,000 m), this dropped 1.5–1.1 calibers due to the poor ballistic shape and higher drag of the smaller-diameter early projectiles. Later in the conflict, APCBC fired at close range (100 m) from large-caliber, high-velocity guns (75–128 mm) were able to penetrate a much greater thickness of armor in relation to their caliber (2.5 times) and also a greater thickness (2–1.75 times) at longer ranges (1,500–2,000 m).

Tungsten compounds such as tungsten carbide were used in small quantities of inhomogeneous and discarded sabot shot, but that element was in short supply in most places.

British naval 15-inch (381 mm)capped armor-piercing shell with ballistic cap (APCBC), 1943

 

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Shells
Armour Piercing Shells

Armour Piercing

Armour Piercing Capped(APC) Grey: Cap.

Armour Piercing Ballistic Capped(APBC) Blue: Ballistic cap.

Armour Piercing Capped Ballistic Capped(APCBC) Grey: Cap. Blue: Ballistic cap.

Armour Piercing Composite Rigid(APCR)/High Velocity Armour Piercing(HVAP) Blue: High-density hard material.

Armour Piercing High Explosive(APHE) Red: High Explosive.

Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot(APDS) Blue: Penetrator.

Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot(APFSDS) Blue: Penetrator.


Modern day

Armor-piercing shot

Armor-piercing solid shot for cannons may be simple, or composite, solid projectiles but tend to also combine some form of incendiary capability with that of armor-penetration. The incendiary compound is normally contained between the cap and penetrating nose, within a hollow at the rear, or a combination of both. If the projectile also uses a tracer, the rear cavity is often used to house the tracer compound. For larger-caliber projectiles, the tracer may instead be contained within an extension of the rear sealing plug. Common abbreviations for solid (non-composite/hardcore) cannon-fired shot are; AP, AP-T, API and API-T; where "T" stands for "tracer" and "I" for "incendiary". More complex, composite projectiles containing explosives and other ballistic devices tend to be referred to as armor-piercing shells.

Armor-piercing shells

Armor-piercing shells as dedicated anti-tank projectiles are common in over 50mm caliber artillery but the tendency is to use semi-armor-piercing high-explosive (SAPHE) shells, which have less anti-armor capability, but far greater anti-materiel/personnel effects. The modern SAPHE projectiles still have a ballistic cap, hardened body and base fuze, but tend to have a far thinner body material and higher explosive content (4–15%). Common abbreviations for modern AP and SAP shells are: HEI(BF), SAPHE, SAPHEI, and SAPHEI-T.

 

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Armour-piercing discarding sabot
Armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) is a type of kinetic energy projectile fired from a gun to attack armouredtargets. APDS rounds are sabot rounds and were commonly used in large calibre tank guns, but have now been superseded by armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) projectiles in such guns. However, APDS rounds are still commonly used in small or medium calibre weapon systems. For a given calibre, this type of ammunition can effectively double the armour penetration of a gun, compared to those firing armour-piercing (AP), AP - capped (APC), orAPC + ballistic cap (APCBC) projectiles. The Saboted light armor penetrator concept applies this technology to small armscalibres.

A modern APFSDS projectile shortly after muzzle exit, as the sabot petals are separating from the penetrator

A diagram of a fin stabilized discarding sabot showing its operation.

Armor Piercing, Capped (APC)
To increase the armor protection without increasing the armor plate's thickness, and consequently its weight, face hardening the armor plates was common during the Second World War. As the name implies, the face hardening process increases the hardness of the part of the armor plate facing outwards. This increased hardness will make it more difficult for the shell to penetrate the plate, and might even cause it to scatter on impact.

A countermeasure against face hardened plates is to place a cap on a regular armor piercing shell. This cap has a very hard tip, designed to break the hardened face, and a soft steel body, designed to protect the armor piercing shell from the force of impact.

While the actual penetration of the armor piercing shell is in itself the same as that of the uncapped armor piercing shell, the cap is a disadvantage when firing against regular armor plates that are not face hardened. The reason for this is that part of the mass, and therefore kinetic energy, of the shell is located in the cap, which does not aid the penetration of a regular armor plate.

Armor Piercing, Ballistic Cap (APBC)
Because the nose shape that is best suited for penetrating an armor plate is not the best in terms of aerodynamics, it was common to mount a ballistic cap, or windshield, on the shell. The ballistic cap is made from a thin, fragile material, that is destroyed on impact without interfering with the penetration process. Because the ballistic cap is thin, the negative impact from lack of mass is negligible, and more than offset by reduced decelleration due to the better aerodynamics.

An important note on ballistic caps is that the presence of ballistic caps is far from always explicit in American shell names. It is therefore necessary to find a description or schematic of a shell to determine the design.

Explosive Filler (-HE)
To increase the lethality the above shell types, an explosive filler may be added to the shell. When the shell impacts the armor, a fuze is ignited, causing the shell to explode after penetrating. While the damage from the explosive filler can be substantial, the cavity in the shell in which the explosive filler is placed reduces the structural integrity of the shell. As a result, the shell is more likely to break up on impact, rather than penetrating.

Armor Piercing, Composite, Rigid (APCR)
While the velocity, and thus the kinetic energy, of a shell can in theory always be increased, there is a practical limit. While the kinetic energy is increased with the square of the speed increase, so is the amount of energy needed to propel the shell. An exponentially increasing amount of gun powder would make ammunition storage and loading cumbersome, and the increasing the canister size would require an expensive re-design and replacement of the gun breech, making existing ammunition incompatible with the gun.

An alternative to increasing the amount of gun powder is to decrease the caliber, and therefore the mass, of the penetrator. This small-caliber penetrator is made from a high-density material, such a Tungsten, and is housed in a shell made from a light-weight material, such as Aluminum, which has the same diameter as the gun barrel. The resulting shell is known as armor piercing, composite, rigid (APCR) in Europe, and high-velocity, armor piercing (HVAP) in the United States.

As the same amount of gun powder is spent on accelerating a smaller mass, the velocity is be increased. It is important to note that the increased velocity does not result in a higher kinetic energy. In fact, because the mass of the shell is smaller, it will decelerate more rapidly than a normal shell. Rather, the increased penetration of the APCR shell comes from the fact that the area being penetrated is smaller, increasing the amount of kinetic energy per square centimeter.

The APCR round is also more likely to richochet, and the smaller small will cause less damage than a full-caliber shell, especially since the penetrator does not contain an explosive filler. Nevertheless, during the Second World War, it allowed the service life of low-caliber guns designed before the war to be extended.

Armor Piercing, Composite, Non-Rigid (APCNR)
An alternative approach to the APCR sub-caliber penetrator is the armor piercing, composite, non-rigid (APCNR) shell. This shell type use the same principle as the APCR, but used the light-weight outer shell in a more active way.

Two different gun types fire this type of ammunition; Gerlich-style tapered, or squeeze, bores, where the gun is only designed to fire this type of ammunition, and regular guns fitted with the tapered Littlejohn adaptor. Common for both gun types is that the diameter of the barrel decreases towards the muzzle. This causes the light-weight outer part of the shell to tightly fit the gun barrel, preventing any gasses from escaping the barrel.

This gun design was mostly used by the Germans, most famously with the Schwere Panzer-Büchse 41, firing 28 mm shells that were reduced to 20 mm, but large-caliber guns were also designed, such as the 7,5 cm Pak 41, firing a 75 mm shell that was reduced to 55 mm.

The tapered bore design was ultimately a dead end. The wear on the gun barrel was excessive; for example, the 7,5 cm Pak 41 had a barrel life of 1000 rounds, compared to 5000-7000 rounds for the 7,5 cm Pak 39 (L/48). The problem with increased deceleration of the APCR shell is also present in the APCNR shell, making regular guns more effective at long ranges. In addition, while high-explosive shells did exist, the smaller end caliber meant that the explosive contents was similarly limited. Finally, the gun required large quantities of Tungsten, which for Germany was a scarce material.

Armor Piercing, Discarding Sabot (APDS)
The principle of concentrating the kinetic energy of a large-caliber shell in a narrow penetrator is taken to the extreme with the armor piercing, discarding sabot (APDS) shell. Developed during the war, this shell type is similar to the APCR in penetration principle. Rather than fixing the outer shell to the penetrator, the outer shell, or sabot, is discarded from the penetrator immediately upon leaving the muzzle. The penetrator itself is a long, thin rod of a high-density material, such as Tungsten, or, after fission energy became common efter the war, depleted Uranium.

APDS shells offer very good penetration capability, but also suffer from the same issues as APCR shells. APDS also have the disadvantage that the sabot will impact the ground in front of the gun at a relatively high velocity, posing a risk to friendly troops.

High Explosive, Anti-Tank (HEAT)
Unlike the above shells, all of which use kinetic energy to penetrate armor plates, the high explosive, anti-tank (HEAT) shell is a shaped charge. The shell is designed as a conical cavity with a copper lining, behind which is placed an explosive charge. When the shell hits its target, the explosive will cause the copper lining to form a stream of particles, which penetrates the armor plate at hyper-sonic speeds. This stream of particles will spray inside the tank, along with molten steel from the armor plate.

The main advantage of the HEAT shell over kinetic energy penetrators is that it does not depend on velocity. As a result, the HEAT shell is particularly well suited for infantry weapons, such as rifle grenades and rocket launchers. The Bazooka, PIAT, Panzerfaust, and Panzerschreck all fired HEAT shells. The disadvantages of the shell is that even a thin steel plate placed some distance from the armor plate will cause the particle stream to partially or fully dissipate without penetrating the armor. This was used on Russian tanks, where frames with fire nets were welded to turrets sides in the late stages of the war, as protection against the Panzerschreck and Panzerfaust. In addition, when fired from a rifled weapon, the rotation of the shell will decrease the penetration. Finally, the lower velocity of HEAT shells makes aiming at long ranges more difficult, and the shells were therefore unpopular with German anti-tank crews, as expressed in this report from 1943.

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

High Explosive (HE)
Traditionally, high-explosive shells have not been viewed as a significant threat to tanks. Common perception has been that, while artillery fire might damage tracks and exterior components, it is of little threat to the tank itself.

In 1988, the US Army conducted a test to see how effective 155 mm artillery was against Soviet tanks. During the test, it was found that the explosive force could immobilize the tanks, by destroying it tracks and tearing off road wheels, at a distance of up to 30 meters. Near hits would cause significant damage to the tanks' armor, while direct hits would completely destroy them. This is consistent with accounts from the Second World War where SU-152 would knock off the turret of German tanks. Lighter artillery and mortar fire could also cause significant damage to tanks, by hitting the thinner armor of the roof and engine deck.

Even if the armor is not penetrated, the concussion can cause fragments from the armor plates to injure the crew, and damage internal components. This effect was used after the war to design the high explosive squash head (HESH) shell, which squash a piece of plastic explosive onto the armor plate and then detonated it, causing a piece of the armor plate on the inside of the tank to seperate and damage the interior and crew, without actually penetrating the armor plate.

@WAJsal @Khafee @Taygibay @Gufi @Icarus

ROUND 125mm HEAT-T Shell M88, SEPARATE LOADED FOR TANK GUN D-81, TM (2A46)

 

[Maarkhoor]

Some POF made Tank Shell

125 MM H.E.FS TK

This is a general purpose round with High Explosive and can be fired 125 mm smooth bore tank guns T-80 UD (Ukraine). Alkhalid (Pakistan). PT-91 (Poland), T-85 (China) or equivalent.

125MM APFSDS/T

It is a kinetic Energy Fin Stabilised Round and can be fired from 125 MM smooth bore tank guns: T-80 UD (Ukraine). Al Khalid (Pakistan), PT-91 (Poland), T-84 (China) or equivalent.

 

[DavidSling]

Tank Ammunition Types

Following the First World War, tank armor was improved in terms of both thickness and quality. To be able to penetrate the armor of the tanks of potential enemies, it became necessary to design guns and shells for this specific purpose. During the thirties and forties, a large number of new shell types saw combat. The descriptions below will give a brief overview of the main types of shells, explaining the basic designs, the method with which the shells penetrate an armor plate, and in which way they are designed to disable the tank against which they are fired.

Armor Piercing (AP) Shell

The earliest and most simple anti-tank shell was the basic armor piercing, or AP, shell. An AP shell is made from solid steel with a high carbon contents, which increases the hardness of the steel.

Armor plate penetration is achieved by the kinetic energy of the shell. If the mass or the velocity of the shell is increased, so will the penetration capability of the shell. Inversely, as the velocity of the shell decreases over range due to air resistance, so will the penetration capability.

Assuming the shell penetrates the armor of the tank being fired at, if the shell doesn't contains an explosive filler, it will essentially act as a large bullet. It may damage the interior or the engine, cause the ammunition to explode, cause the fuel to catch fire, or injure the crew.

First World War era
Shot and shell used prior to and during World War I were generally cast from special chromium (stainless) steel that was melted in pots. They were forged into shape afterward and then thoroughly annealed, the core bored at the rear and the exterior turned up in a lathe. The projectiles were finished in a similar manner to others described above. The final, or tempering treatment, which gave the required hardness/toughness profile (differential hardening) to the projectile body, was a closely guarded secret.

The rear cavity of these projectiles was capable of receiving a small bursting charge of about 2% of the weight of the complete projectile; when this is used, the projectile is called a shell, not a shot. The HE filling of the shell, whether fuzed or unfuzed, had a tendency to explode on striking armor in excess of its ability to perforate.
Second World War
During World War II, projectiles used highly alloyed steels containing nickel-chromium-molybdenum, although in Germany, this had to be changed to a silicon-manganese-chromium-based alloy when those grades became scarce. The latter alloy, although able to be hardened to the same level, was more brittle and had a tendency to shatter on striking highly sloped armor. The shattered shot lowered penetration, or resulted in total penetration failure; for armor-piercing high-explosive (APHE) projectiles, this could result in premature detonation of the HE filling. Highly advanced and precise methods of differentially hardening the projectile were developed during this period, especially by the German armament industry. The resulting projectiles gradually change from high hardness (low toughness) at the head to high toughness (low hardness) at the rear and were much less likely to fail on impact.

APHE shells for tank guns, although used by most forces of this period, were not used by the British. The only British APHE projectile was the Shell AP, Mk1 for the 2 pdr anti-tank gun and this was dropped as it was found that the fuze tended to separate from the body during penetration. Even when the fuze didn’t separate and the system functioned correctly, damage to the interior was little different from the solid shot, and so did not warrant the additional time and cost of producing a shell version. APHE projectiles of this period used a bursting charge of about 1–3% of the weight of the complete projectile, the filling detonated by a rear mounted delay fuze. The explosive used in APHE projectiles needs to be highly insensitive to shock to prevent premature detonation. The US forces normally used the explosiveExplosive D, otherwise known as ammonium picrate, for this purpose. Other combatant forces of the period used various explosives, suitably desensitized (usually by the use of waxes mixed with the explosive).

Due to the increase in armor thickness during the conflict, the projectiles’ size and impact velocity had to be increased to ensure perforation. At these higher velocities, the hardened tip of the shot or shell has to be protected from the initial impact shock, or risk shattering. To raise the impact velocity and stop the shattering, they were initially fitted with soft steel penetrating caps. The best performance penetrating caps were not very aerodynamic, so an additional ballistic cap was later fitted to reduce drag. The resulting projectile types were named armor-piercing capped (APC) and armor-piercing capped ballistic capped (APCBC).

Early WWII-era uncapped AP projectiles fired from high-velocity guns were able to penetrate about twice their caliber at close range (100 m). At longer ranges (500-1,000 m), this dropped 1.5–1.1 calibers due to the poor ballistic shape and higher drag of the smaller-diameter early projectiles. Later in the conflict, APCBC fired at close range (100 m) from large-caliber, high-velocity guns (75–128 mm) were able to penetrate a much greater thickness of armor in relation to their caliber (2.5 times) and also a greater thickness (2–1.75 times) at longer ranges (1,500–2,000 m).

Tungsten compounds such as tungsten carbide were used in small quantities of inhomogeneous and discarded sabot shot, but that element was in short supply in most places.

British naval 15-inch (381 mm)capped armor-piercing shell with ballistic cap (APCBC), 1943

Very informative thread, thank u.

 

[Maarkhoor]

106 MM HEAT M344A3

This is a hollow charge Fin stablisied High Explosive anti-tank round for use with 106mm Recoilless Rifle M40A1.

105 MM APFSDS P1A1

This is a Kinetic Energy Fin Stabilised Round and can be fired from 105mm L7 series rifled tank guns fitted on many current MBTs such as Leopard, Vickers MK1 & 3, M 60 (Manufactured under license in USA as M 68), early M1, updated M 48, Merkava and re-gunned T-54 and T-69 series.

105 MM HE/TK P1 A1

This is a general purpose High Explosive round and can be fired from 105 mm L7 series rifled tank gun fitted on many current MBTs, such as Leopard, Vickers MK1 & 3, M 60 (manufactured under license in USA as M68) early M1, updated M48, Merkava and re-gunned T54 and T-69 series.

105 MM TK HESH L 35 A 3

This is a general purpose round with a thin walled blunt nose and is filled with a rapidly detonating high explosive initiated by a base fuze. It is effective against a wide variety of battle field targets, including tanks and armour, bunker, fortifications, etc. The ammunition can be fired from 105 mm L7 series rifled tank guns fitted on many current MBTs such as Leopard, Vickers MK 1 & 3 M 60 (Manufactured under license in USA as M 68) , early M 1, updated M 48, Merkava and regunned T 54 series. The ammunition can be fired from 105 mm L 7 series rifled tank guns fitted on many current MBTS such as Leopard, Vickers MK 1 & 3 M 60 (Manufactured under license in USA as M 68), early M 1, updated M 48, Merkava ad regunned T 54 series, T 69.
100 MM TK HESH

This is a fixed type of High Explosive Squash Head (HESH) round, which has been introduced into service for use with tanks of eastern origin, having 100 mm gun. The ammunition is designed for use against armoured targets and bunkers. It is also effective against concrete fortifications, buildings etc.
100 MM HE/TK P1A1

This is a general purpose round with High Explosive, for use with 100 mm Tank Guns.

100 MM APFSDS/T

This is a Kinetic Energy Fin Stabilised Round and is fired from 100 mm tank gun for armour piercing.
TUNGSTEN ALLOY PENETRATORS

POF has established capacity for producing Single/Double Dencity Tungsten Alloy Cores (Penetrators) of all types. At present the following ammunition are being Cated for.

@Jonah Arthur @Slav Defence @Zibago @django

 

[django]

106 MM HEAT M344A3

This is a hollow charge Fin stablisied High Explosive anti-tank round for use with 106mm Recoilless Rifle M40A1.

105 MM APFSDS P1A1

This is a Kinetic Energy Fin Stabilised Round and can be fired from 105mm L7 series rifled tank guns fitted on many current MBTs such as Leopard, Vickers MK1 & 3, M 60 (Manufactured under license in USA as M 68), early M1, updated M 48, Merkava and re-gunned T-54 and T-69 series.

105 MM HE/TK P1 A1

This is a general purpose High Explosive round and can be fired from 105 mm L7 series rifled tank gun fitted on many current MBTs, such as Leopard, Vickers MK1 & 3, M 60 (manufactured under license in USA as M68) early M1, updated M48, Merkava and re-gunned T54 and T-69 series.

105 MM TK HESH L 35 A 3

This is a general purpose round with a thin walled blunt nose and is filled with a rapidly detonating high explosive initiated by a base fuze. It is effective against a wide variety of battle field targets, including tanks and armour, bunker, fortifications, etc. The ammunition can be fired from 105 mm L7 series rifled tank guns fitted on many current MBTs such as Leopard, Vickers MK 1 & 3 M 60 (Manufactured under license in USA as M 68) , early M 1, updated M 48, Merkava and regunned T 54 series. The ammunition can be fired from 105 mm L 7 series rifled tank guns fitted on many current MBTS such as Leopard, Vickers MK 1 & 3 M 60 (Manufactured under license in USA as M 68), early M 1, updated M 48, Merkava ad regunned T 54 series, T 69.
100 MM TK HESH

This is a fixed type of High Explosive Squash Head (HESH) round, which has been introduced into service for use with tanks of eastern origin, having 100 mm gun. The ammunition is designed for use against armoured targets and bunkers. It is also effective against concrete fortifications, buildings etc.
100 MM HE/TK P1A1

This is a general purpose round with High Explosive, for use with 100 mm Tank Guns.

100 MM APFSDS/T

This is a Kinetic Energy Fin Stabilised Round and is fired from 100 mm tank gun for armour piercing.
TUNGSTEN ALLOY PENETRATORS

POF has established capacity for producing Single/Double Dencity Tungsten Alloy Cores (Penetrators) of all types. At present the following ammunition are being Cated for.

@Jonah Arthur @Slav Defence @Zibago @django

Do we use depeletd Uranium shells, if we do I personally would not want their use, one only has to look at the effect on the Iraqi population and even members of the Us military who inhaled uranium dust.kudos

 

[Maarkhoor]

Do we use depeletd Uranium shells, if we do I personally would not want their use, one only has to look at the effect on the Iraqi population and even members of the Us military who inhaled uranium dust.kudos

Yes we have Naiza DU round can be used in Al Kahlid and other tanks in Pakistani inventory.

 

[django]

Yes we have Naiza DU round can be used in Al Kahlid and other tanks in Pakistani inventory.

Personally speaking I am not too keen on this ammunition. kudos

 

[Maarkhoor]

Personally speaking I am not too keen on this ammunition. kudos

We will use it against tanks not like US, they are using DU ammo in dense poplutated areas.

 

[django]

We will use it against tanks not like US, they are using DU ammo in dense poplutated areas.

Still particles can get carried away in the wind and end up in the lungs of our jawans and civilians, however if we are on the offensive, deep in Indian Punjab.................

 

[Khafee]

Very informative thread, thank u.

Why don't you post Types and ranges of Israeli Tank & Arty Ammo?

@Blue Marlin Why don't you do the same for the British Army ....?
@Bundeswehr German...?
@Taygibay French..?

 

[Blue Marlin]

Why don't you post Types and ranges of Israeli Tank & Arty Ammo?

@Blue Marlin Why don't you do the same for the British Army ....?
@Bundeswehr German...?
@Taygibay French..?

what about you? im sure we'd love to see some ammo from the uae

 

[Khafee]

what about you? im sure we'd love to see some ammo from the uae

I have had to explain myself twice, ever since I officially joined PDF. Therefore, I'd rather not say anything.

Hope you understand Bro.

 

[DavidSling]

Why don't you post Types and ranges of Israeli Tank & Arty Ammo?

@Blue Marlin Why don't you do the same for the British Army ....?
@Bundeswehr German...?
@Taygibay French..?

The Mark IV includes the larger 120 mm main gun of the previous versions, but can fire a wider variety of ammunition, including HEAT and sabot rounds like the APFSDS kinetic energy penetrator, using an electrical semi-automatic revolving magazine for 10 rounds. It also includes a much larger 12.7 mm machine gun for anti-vehicle operations (most commonly used against technicals).

120mm APAM-MP-T, M329 Cartridge

Description:

• APAM (Anti-Personnel/Anti-Materiel) Multi-Purpose Cartridge,
for 120 mm smooth-bore tank guns
• Compatible with all NATO 120 mm smooth-bore guns
(STANAG 4385, 4493 etc.)
• In-Bore Programmable electronic fuze system (Fuze setting when
ammunition loaded into the gun)

• No modification required to the breech/gun
• Provides direct fire ammunition with multifunction capabilities

• Strikes prone and concealed troops from above and destroys hovering
helicopters with the first round at a high probability
• Utilized as a unitary warhead in the wall breaching, bunker busting
and anti-LAV impact mode
• Maximizes combat capability while reducing logistic load
• Provides long "stand off” for the modern battlefield
• High reliability and safety oriented concept

LAser Homing Attack Missile (LAHAT)
LAser Homing Attack Missile, or LAHAT, is an advanced missile developed and manufactured by the MBT Division of Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). It is a light weight missile suitable for precision attack missions.

The gun or canister launched missile can be fired from a range of platforms such as armoured vehicles, tanks and helicopters. The missile is effectively used in urban areas requiring a low collateral damage solution. It can hit both stationed and moving targets while avoiding the air defence of hostile forces.

LAHAT laser homing attack missile design

Primarily designed for 105mm and 120mm guns of the Merkava tanks, LAHAT is also suitable for all types of 105mm and 120mm guns, including low recoil guns and low-weight guns of armoured vehicles.

LAHAT has a length of 975mm, diameter of 104.5mm and a weight of 12.5kg. A LAHAT launcher equipped with four missiles weighs less than 80kg. The compact dimensions of the missile allow easy integration on light-weight helicopters, light vehicles and armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs).

Conventional tanks require minimal modifications to install the LAHAT system. The laser range-finder is replaced with LRF / laser designator module. LAHAT programming is configured in the fire control computer. The missile is stowed like other rounds in the ammunition rack and handled just like any other type of ammunition.

The LAHAT missile has a range of up to 8,000 m (8,700 yd) when launched from a ground platform, and up to 13,000 m (14,000 yd), when deployed from high elevation. The time of flight to a target at 4,000 m (4,400 yd) is 14 seconds and the missile hits the target at an accuracy of 0.7 m (2.3 ft) CEP and an angle of over 30 degrees, providing effective penetration of up to 800 mm (31 in) of RHA armor steel with its tandem warhead to deal with add-on reactive armor. LAHAT might also carry embedded active protection system countermeasure capabilities. In any tank the LAHAT is stowed like other rounds in the ammunition rack, and handled just like any other type of ammunition.

Development and tests of LAser Homing Attack Missiles

The development of LAHAT began in the mid-1990s. IAI conducted airborne testing to integrate the missile on attack and transport helicopters. In October 1998, LAHAT was unveiled for the first time at the Association of the US Army (AUSA).

IAI demonstrated a new air-launched variant of the LAHAT, known as the SkyBow, at the 2004 Asian Aerospace exhibition held in Singapore. The missile variant was successfully test fired from Mi-8/Mi-17 and MD-500/MD-530 helicopters in 2005.

IAI completed a series of test firings of LAHAT on the Arjun tank of the Indian Army in 2005. The missile system was also demonstrated to Chile. India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) displayed its Dhruv advanced light helicopter (ALH) armed with a four-round LAHAT launcher at 2005 Paris Air Show.

The missile was also offered as a part of proposed Gazelle SA 342 helicopter upgrade package. A LAHAT four-round launcher fitted to the Gazelle was demonstrated at the 2010 Eurosatory defence exhibition.

In 2010, two LAHAT missiles were successfully test fired from a Bell AH-1 Cobra helicopter of the Israel Air Force (IAF).

IAI unveiled a naval variation of the LAHAT at IMDEX Asia in May 2011. The company has teamed up with General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products, Thiokol Propulsion and General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems for the US market.

Operations involving Israel's advanced missile system

Launching of LAHAT requires minimal exposure in the firing position. The commander's sight is provided with LRF / laser designator to maintain line of sight to the target during the flight of the missile.

The detection of firing position is very difficult due to low launch signature of the missile. The trajectory can be set to match either top attack or direct attack engagements.

A vehicle can launch LAHAT from hidden position or use remote designation for better protection. The missile strikes the target with an accuracy of 0.7m. It is effective against ships, ground targets and helicopters within the range of six kilometres.

Guidance system and warhead characteristics of the Israeli LAHAT

LAHAT has a semi-active laser guidance system using direct and indirect laser designation.

The missile uses launching platforms or other platforms such as a helicopter, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or a forward observer to designate the target.

The missile uses a tandem warhead which is capable of defeating all types of modern armour, including add-on reactive armour. High penetration capability of the main warhead allows the missile to penetrate the armour of major armoured vehicles at high impact angles.

M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System

The combat-proven multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is a rocket artillery system manufactured by Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control.

Multiple launch rocket system details

The MLRS launcher unit comprises an M270 launcher loaded with 12 rockets, packaged in two six-rocket pods. It contains a fire control computer that integrates the vehicle and rocket-launching operations.

The rockets can be fired individually or in ripples of two to 12. Accuracy is maintained in all firing modes because the computer re-aims the launcher between rounds.

MLRS tactical rocket warhead and munitions

The basic MLRS tactical rocket warhead contains 644 M77 munitions, which are dispensed above the target in mid-air. The dual-purpose bomblets are armed during freefall and a simple drag ribbon orients the bomblets for impact. Each MLRS launcher can deliver almost 8,000 munitions in fewer than 60 seconds at ranges exceeding 32km.

Other mission-oriented rockets include the extended-range (ER) rocket, the reduced-range practice rocket (RRPR) with a range of eight kilometres to 15km and the AT2, which dispenses 28 antitank mines per round. The extended-range rocket, first fielded in 1998, carries 518 improved munitions in excess of 45km.

Rocket artillery system fire control

The MLRS computerised fire control system enables a reduced crew, or even a single soldier to load and unload the launcher. A portable boom control device and cable hook assembly is used for loading and unloading. The fire control computer allows firing missions to be carried out either manually or automatically.

In a typical fire mission, a command post transmits the selected target data directly to the MLRS computer.

The computer aims the launcher and prompts the crew to arm and fire a pre-selected number of rounds. Multiple mission sequences can be pre-programmed and stored in the computer.

Tamuz missile - Spike NLOS

"Non Line Of Sight" is an ultra long range version of the weapon with a claimed maximum range of up to 25 km (16 mi). It is larger missile with an overall weight of around 70 kg (154 lb 5 oz) that can be launched from the ground or from helicopters. It was developed following lessons learned in the Yom Kippur War, which showed a need for a high-precision guided tactical ground-to-ground battlefield missile. Codenamed Tamuz (תמוז), the first variants entered service with the IDF in 1981, though this was not revealed to the public until 2011.

A Pere fires a Tamuz missile in an undated photo released by the IDF. (IDF)

Known as the Pere ('Savage'), the resulting vehicle is comparatively well armoured and has the mobility to keep up with the IDF's armoured divisions. It still has a crew of four: a commander, two gunners, and a driver. Once ordered to fire on certain co-ordinates, the crew launches a Tamuz towards the location, uses the live feed from the camera carried in its nose to identify a target as it approaches and then manually guides the missile towards it.

The manual guidance system restricts each Pere to having only one missile in the air at any given time, although a battalion of vehicles working together could potentially fire volleys at an enemy tank formation.

Three Pere armoured missile launchers. (IDF)

Notably, the Peres were fitted with dummy barrels to mimic a 105 mm main gun and give the impression they are still tanks. Syrian intelligence would consequently not consider the vehicles an immediate threat if it spotted them behind the front line, when in fact the Peres would have been in a position to bombard an advancing armoured formation with long-range anti-tank missiles.

Pere armoured missile launchers. (IDF)

Profile shot of a Pere armoured missile launcher. (IDF)

this is how the pereh works.

According to the Israeli media, the pereh was unclassified because newier technologies got into the army