A.Rafay
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KARACHI: Pakistan is facing an energy crisis of gigantic proportions and it is expected to get worse as the summer months approach. Along with that, and in some ways related to that, the country is also tackling an ever-worsening gas crisis. The winter months are the worst as demand for gas increases. But with the rising demand, from domestic consumers, the industry and also power producers, the gas crisis is only going to get worse.
This has led to the search for alternatives like importing LNG which is expensive or adding LPG-air mix to the natural gas system, also an expensive solution.
The Tight Gas (Exploration & Production) Policy was promulgated in May 2011 by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources and subsequently approved by the Council of Common Interests (CCI).
One of the objectives of the policy is to attract foreign direct investment, given the high cost of exploration and production. As Tight gas exploration is more difficult and the required technology is more expensive, companies dont typically go in for exploration until given attractive incentives.
Gas price incentives are an important pre-requisite towards promoting a Tight gas investment recovery process. To encourage investment, 40% premium will be given over the respective zonal price of the Petroleum Policy 2009. And apart from this, in order to encourage the companies to fast track development and production of Tight gas, an additional 10% premium will be given for those volumes that are brought into production within two years of announcement of this policy.
Apart from this the government is also aggressively pursuing the exploration and extraction of Shale gas but a policy for this is yet to be announced.
What is Tight gas?
Tight gas refers to natural gas reservoirs locked in extraordinarily impermeable, hard rock, making the underground formation extremely tight. Tight gas is usually trapped in sandstone or limestone formations that are atypically impermeable or nonporous. Tight gas is held in rock pores which are up to 20,000 times narrower than a human hair.
A conventional gas formation can be relatively easily drilled and extracted from the ground unassisted but Tight gas requires more effort to pull it from the ground because of the extremely tight formation in which it is located.
While conventional gas formations tend to be found in the younger Tertiary basins, Tight gas formations are much older, having been deposited some 248 million years ago. Over time, the rock formations have been compacted and have undergone cementation and re-crystallisation, which all reduce the level of permeability in the rock.
Shale Gas is a description for a field in which natural gas accumulation is locked in tiny bubble-like pockets within layered sedimentary rock such as shale. The situation can be best compared to tiny air pockets trapped in a loaf of bread as it bakes.
While Shale gas is trapped in rock, Tight gas describes natural gas that is dispersed within low-porosity silt or sand areas that create a tight-fitting environment for the gas.
Exploring and extracting Tight gas
This is the real challenge since the cost and effort involved in extracting Tight gas is quite different from conventional methods. But it has been commercially extracted in many parts of the world now and there are some tried and tested methods. Some of the proven technologies used in Tight Gas exploration are:
Directional drilling
Directional drilling means drilling wells at multiple angles, usually vertically and in some cases horizontally too, to better reach and produce gas reserves. From a single location, various wells can be drilled at myriad angles, tapping reserves miles away and more than a mile below the surface.
Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is the practice of injecting a well with large amounts of frac fluids under high pressure in order to break the rocks. Small channels are opened up as a result to release the encapsulated gas and allow it to flow into the wellbore.
While there is no proven figure available, it is estimated from various independent sources that Pakistan has estimated total Tight Gas reserves in the range of 24 to 40 TCF, which makes them larger than the existing natural gas reserves.
Mari Gas Company Limited in Zarghun block, Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG) in Kirthar block and OMV in Miano and Sawan blocks, have found Tight gas.
Tight gas reserves have also been identified in the existing development and production leases granted to various E&P companies operating in Pakistan. Main Tight gas regions identified are Kirthar Foldbelt located in Dadu, Sindh, Sulaiman Foldbelt (located in Balochistan), Potohar region in Punjab and offshore areas near Karachi.
The first ever Tight gas sales and purchase agreement was signed on November 13, 2012 in Islamabad for first production from a Tight gas reservoir in Pakistan from Kirthar Block in Dadu, Sindh. The Kirthar Block is jointly owned by Polish Oil and Gas Company (70%) and PPL (30%).
If exploration and extraction is on schedule, SSGC will receive 30mmcfd gas into its system through two Kirthar Block wells.
For the implementation of this project, SSGC has been awarded a contract of Rs235 million for the construction of 52-km pipeline from Kirthar Blocks Rehman Gas Field which will be integrated into SSGCs system at Naing Valve Assembly through the Bhit Gas pipeline.
Apart from this, PPL in collaboration with ENI is set to start for the first time drilling of exploratory well in Sindhs deep sea in 2014. In this regard, around seven exploratory wells, eight appraisal wells, and 19 development wells have been planned for discovering 150 billion cubic feet of Shale and Tight gas in Sindh in the next five years.
http://tribune.com.pk/story/499413/...s-the-answer-to-the-prevailing-energy-crisis/
This has led to the search for alternatives like importing LNG which is expensive or adding LPG-air mix to the natural gas system, also an expensive solution.
The Tight Gas (Exploration & Production) Policy was promulgated in May 2011 by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources and subsequently approved by the Council of Common Interests (CCI).
One of the objectives of the policy is to attract foreign direct investment, given the high cost of exploration and production. As Tight gas exploration is more difficult and the required technology is more expensive, companies dont typically go in for exploration until given attractive incentives.
Gas price incentives are an important pre-requisite towards promoting a Tight gas investment recovery process. To encourage investment, 40% premium will be given over the respective zonal price of the Petroleum Policy 2009. And apart from this, in order to encourage the companies to fast track development and production of Tight gas, an additional 10% premium will be given for those volumes that are brought into production within two years of announcement of this policy.
Apart from this the government is also aggressively pursuing the exploration and extraction of Shale gas but a policy for this is yet to be announced.
What is Tight gas?
Tight gas refers to natural gas reservoirs locked in extraordinarily impermeable, hard rock, making the underground formation extremely tight. Tight gas is usually trapped in sandstone or limestone formations that are atypically impermeable or nonporous. Tight gas is held in rock pores which are up to 20,000 times narrower than a human hair.
A conventional gas formation can be relatively easily drilled and extracted from the ground unassisted but Tight gas requires more effort to pull it from the ground because of the extremely tight formation in which it is located.
While conventional gas formations tend to be found in the younger Tertiary basins, Tight gas formations are much older, having been deposited some 248 million years ago. Over time, the rock formations have been compacted and have undergone cementation and re-crystallisation, which all reduce the level of permeability in the rock.
Shale Gas is a description for a field in which natural gas accumulation is locked in tiny bubble-like pockets within layered sedimentary rock such as shale. The situation can be best compared to tiny air pockets trapped in a loaf of bread as it bakes.
While Shale gas is trapped in rock, Tight gas describes natural gas that is dispersed within low-porosity silt or sand areas that create a tight-fitting environment for the gas.
Exploring and extracting Tight gas
This is the real challenge since the cost and effort involved in extracting Tight gas is quite different from conventional methods. But it has been commercially extracted in many parts of the world now and there are some tried and tested methods. Some of the proven technologies used in Tight Gas exploration are:
Directional drilling
Directional drilling means drilling wells at multiple angles, usually vertically and in some cases horizontally too, to better reach and produce gas reserves. From a single location, various wells can be drilled at myriad angles, tapping reserves miles away and more than a mile below the surface.
Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is the practice of injecting a well with large amounts of frac fluids under high pressure in order to break the rocks. Small channels are opened up as a result to release the encapsulated gas and allow it to flow into the wellbore.
Reserves in Pakistan
While there is no proven figure available, it is estimated from various independent sources that Pakistan has estimated total Tight Gas reserves in the range of 24 to 40 TCF, which makes them larger than the existing natural gas reserves.
Mari Gas Company Limited in Zarghun block, Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG) in Kirthar block and OMV in Miano and Sawan blocks, have found Tight gas.
Tight gas reserves have also been identified in the existing development and production leases granted to various E&P companies operating in Pakistan. Main Tight gas regions identified are Kirthar Foldbelt located in Dadu, Sindh, Sulaiman Foldbelt (located in Balochistan), Potohar region in Punjab and offshore areas near Karachi.
What does the future hold?
The first ever Tight gas sales and purchase agreement was signed on November 13, 2012 in Islamabad for first production from a Tight gas reservoir in Pakistan from Kirthar Block in Dadu, Sindh. The Kirthar Block is jointly owned by Polish Oil and Gas Company (70%) and PPL (30%).
If exploration and extraction is on schedule, SSGC will receive 30mmcfd gas into its system through two Kirthar Block wells.
For the implementation of this project, SSGC has been awarded a contract of Rs235 million for the construction of 52-km pipeline from Kirthar Blocks Rehman Gas Field which will be integrated into SSGCs system at Naing Valve Assembly through the Bhit Gas pipeline.
Apart from this, PPL in collaboration with ENI is set to start for the first time drilling of exploratory well in Sindhs deep sea in 2014. In this regard, around seven exploratory wells, eight appraisal wells, and 19 development wells have been planned for discovering 150 billion cubic feet of Shale and Tight gas in Sindh in the next five years.
http://tribune.com.pk/story/499413/...s-the-answer-to-the-prevailing-energy-crisis/
