In Pakistan, a Political Realignment
Analysis
May 13, 2013.
Summary
Pakistan's May 11 parliamentary elections show that the country's political spectrum has altered so that, at least for the foreseeable future, the main rivalry is between two right-of-center parties. Two-term former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz won a strong majority in the elections, which had the highest-ever voter turnout. The party is preparing to implement an agenda focused on economic revival but will face security challenges complicated by the fact that Sharif's main rival, Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, will be ruling the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province -- a key area ravaged by Taliban insurgency. The emergence of Khan's party and the resulting shift away from the traditional rivalry between the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz and the left-leaning Pakistan People's Party will have numerous implications.
Analysis
As of May 13, Pakistan's election commission is still finalizing the results of the parliamentary elections. However, Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz scored a major victory by winning some 130 out of 272 contested seats -- a few short of the 137 required to form a government without help from coalition partners. Competing for a distant second place are the Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf and President Asif Ali Zardari's Pakistan People's Party, with approximately 30 seats each. On the provincial level, the most significant outcome is that the Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf secured nearly 35 of the 99 directly contested seats in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, becoming the largest party in the Pashtun-dominated province, which has borne the brunt of the seven-year jihadist insurgency.
Sharif's party undoubtedly will form the government at the federal level with a comfortable majority and will continue ruling the core province of Punjab. In addition to leading the opposition in the federal parliament, Khan's party likely will form the provincial government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by joining forces with the Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party and other like-minded independent members of parliament in the province.
The Pakistan People's Party, down to approximately 35 seats from the 125 it held in the previous parliament, suffered what was possibly its worst political defeat yet. However, the party still holds 40 of the 100 seats in the upper house and will retain control of Sindh province, where it maintained its position as the largest party.
Essentially, the historic alignment of Pakistan's political spectrum -- in which the left-leaning Pakistan People's Party was the largest in the country, followed by the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz, with no considerable third-party presence -- has been changed. The gains made by the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz and the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (which only had one seat in the previous parliament) indicate that the two right-of-center parties are now the main political rivals in the country.
Sharif's Agenda
The Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz, with its traditional pro-business stance, can be expected to have some success in reviving an economy that has been standing at the precipice of bankruptcy. Sharif has already announced that the party's financial expert, Ishaq Dar, will be finance minister in his new Cabinet. Dar served in that capacity in the two previous Sharif governments, and the news that he will be returning to his old job sent the Karachi stock market reportedly soaring to an all-time high. The incoming government will begin working on the economy quickly, as the budget for the next fiscal year is due in June.
Sharif and his team's reputation for liberal economic policies likely will help Islamabad renegotiate an $11.3 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund that has been suspended for years after the fund stopped payments in response to the previous government's inability to enact the agreed-upon reforms. That Sharif likely will form Pakistan's first non-coalition government since he last came to power in 1997 will help him carry out his economic agenda.
An Array of Security Concerns
That said, security will continue to be a major hindrance to economic revival. First and foremost is the Taliban rebels' insurgency. The Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz has not put forth a concrete policy on the insurgency beyond saying that it will pursue negotiations with the rebels. Complicating this matter is the fact that the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, which is now the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz's main rival, will be governing Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The two governments are likely to clash over policies because Khan's party has adopted a much tougher stance against military operations and U.S. unmanned aerial vehicle strikes in the tribal areas. Islamabad and Peshawar's disconnect will spill over into dealings between Islamabad and Washington at a critical time; NATO forces are due to draw down from neighboring Afghanistan next year.
The Pakistani Taliban rebels will exploit the conservative outlook of both the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and the parties' rivalry. Moreover, it is not yet clear how both parties will deal with the country's army-led security establishment, which has played the lead role in the counterinsurgency effort for nearly a decade. Thus, it is unlikely that the new government will be able to get a handle on the insurgency anytime soon. This will, in turn, limit any economic improvements in the country.
The insurgency in the north is not the only security problem for Sharif. There is also a great deal of insecurity in the southern port city of Karachi, the country's main economic hub. The local ruling ethnic party in the city, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement, has been unnerved by the May 11 election results. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf has made inroads into the Muttahida Qaumi Movement's traditional stronghold of Karachi, winning at least one seat in that area. Meanwhile, the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz's majority means that the Karachi-based party will not be able to play the role of kingmaker and gain concessions from the ruling party as it has in the past.
The day after the parliamentary elections, Muttahida Qaumi Movement workers opened fire on Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf supporters protesting alleged electoral fraud by the Karachi-based party. Shortly before this incident, the chief of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement, who is in self-imposed exile in London, made a statement on Pakistani television threatening violence against those protesting his party. In recent years, Karachi has seen considerable political violence in the form of gunbattles between militias affiliated with different parties, and there is a possibility of that worsening as the new government takes office. Sharif's economy-focused agenda, therefore, faces some major security challenges in both ends of the country.
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