Marwat Khan Lodhi
BANNED
- Joined
- Jun 23, 2010
- Messages
- 5,341
- Reaction score
- -29
- Country
- Location
In 1725 Ashraf Hotaki despatched his ambassador to Constantinople, to obtain a recognition of his authority from the Porte. The person employed in this delicate mission was Abool Azeez Khan.the Turkish monarch, as the true succcessor of the Khalifs and head of the Mussulmans, claimed jurisdiction over the Afghans, and therefore Ashruf was not on an equality of footing with the Ottoman potentateOn obtaining possession of the letter,* the ministers of the Porte were struck with indignation at the arrogance and haughtiness of Ashruf, who claimed the title of Imam in Persia, and styled himself King of Kings. Abool behaved with such intrepidity in his negotiations, that the Turks were embarrassed ; more especially as the Afghan demanded, with great firmness, the restitution of the Turkish conquests in Persia, (a.d. 1726.)
The Turks declare war against Hotakis
Matters came to a crisis. The Turks maintained there could be but one Imam, unless the countries were so separated by the sea that there could be no communication with Constantinople. .The differences every day grew wider, negotiation was at an end, and the sword called in to decide the quarrel. Abool Azeez was dismissed with very little ceremony (March 31st), and was arrested on his journey to Bagdad by the commandant of Kerkisia on the Euphrates, under the pretext that Ashruf had previously confined, in a common jail, an officer sent to him by Ahmed Padshah.
War between Turks and Afghans
We see in the history of the world that religious wars are generally attended with more bloodshed than those which originate in the disagreement of states in their political relations with each other. Of these the various Crusades for the recovery of the " Holy City" from the hands of the Saracens afford a melancholy proof in which hundreds of thousands of undisciplined men fell victims to the zeal which hurried them on to meet a numerous and well disciplined foe, whom the chivalry and prowess of a Coeur de lion, a Philip, or a Godfrey, vanquished with great difficulty. The wax now on the eve of bursting into flames, about the division of the authority of Imam, was also a religious one, with this essential difference, that the Turkish forces, deluded by the artifices of Ashruf, evinced great diffidence in engaging against a prince who like themselves was a Sunni, and professed great zeal for religion. Ashruf selected four nobles, venerable alike for their age and knowledge, and sent them into the Turkish camp to protest his innocence of the Muslim blood about to be shed. These envoys presented themselves unarmed, and were conducted to Ahmed Padshah, the Ottoman general In the province of Diabekir.
Received in full assembly, they laid the whole of the responsibility of the war upon the Turks; and when the muezzin announced the noontide hour of prayer, they prostrated themselves with the invaders, and besought God aloud to turn the hearts of their fellow-professors, and open their eyes to the iniquity of the invasion. This artful conduct was followed, on their return, by the desertion to the Afghans of five thousand Kurds. It was during this period that the "Tareekh-i-Seeah" was compiled at Constantinople.
Casween surrender to the turks and subsequently revolts
In the meanwhile the inhabitants of Casween made an offer of submitting to Abdallah Padshah, on condition that a Turkish governor should be sent them, but no troops. This general, however, dispatched Ally Padshah with twelve thousand men, who took possession of the place in the name of the Grand Seignior. Ashruf having fortified his palace, the great square and citadel, thus building a fortress within the heart of Isfahan, ravaged the country from the capital to the very gates of Casween. The townsmen, incited by the emissaries of the Afghans, rose upon the troops who had been quartered on them against the conditions of the treaty, and declared for Ashruf. Ahmed Padshah marched within twenty leagues of Hamadan, when news was brought into his camp that the enemy were approaching. Having detached six thousand men to meet the Afghans, these troops were surrounded, and cut to pieces ; and Ahmed, discouraged at this, ordered his army to entrench themselves. Alarmed, however, at the desertion among the Kurds, he determined on giving battle to the foe. Ashruf though very inferior in point of numbers, did not refuse the challenge. Seventy thousand Turks marched out of the lines, supported by seventy pieces of artillery ; whilst the Afghans mustered but thirty- three thousand, and forty harquebusses on camels. At six in the morning* the Turks began the contest, by opening a fire from ten guns. The Afghans returned these with five. Three several times the Seraskier bravely charged them with his right wing, and was as often repulsed, though supported by a furious cannonade : and at three m the afternoon was forced to retire to his entrenchments, after a loss of twelve thousand men. The Kurds having mutinied, Ahmed retired during the night to Kermanshah, leaving his artillery and baggage in the hands of the conqueror. Hither Ashruf pursued him, and by a generous artifice succeeded in implanting amongst the Ottoman troops a greater repugnance to fight against him. On his approach Ahmed retreated on Bagdad, and Ashruf sent deputies to him, not to propose a negotiation for peace, but to inform the Padshah of his readiness toreturn all the foils of his camp, with the exception of ajms ; and to that act of generosity he added another, not less calculated to serve his end — that of liberating his prisoners.
The Porte, alarmed at this defeat, raised immense reinforcements among the Albanians, Bosnians, Egyptians, and Syrians. These vast preparations, however, were unproductive of any important results ; for the troops having been deceived in regard to the place to which they were ordered to march, positively refused to pass the frontiers. Ahmed Padshah had in the meanwhile collected an army of sixty thousand men, and burning with anxiety to revenge the defeat in the campaign of last year, had entered the plains of Hamadan, when Reshid Effendi arrived in his camp. This minister had been dispatched by the Turkish court to negotiate peace, as it was alarmed by the obstinacy of the troops newly collected to reinforce its General in Persia. Zowla Khan, Ashruf 's Etimad-Dowlet, advanced to repel the invasion. The Seraskier sent a messenger to this officer, informing him that the time had arrived for the decision and termination of the question at issue, that the only alternative to the acceptance of the conditions he was authorized to offer, was to prepare for battle. Peace was equally acceptable to both of the belligerent nations; and this abrupt method of opening negotiations was followed, in a short time, by their termination, and the subsequent peace. The principal articles of this treaty were — that the Grand Seignior should be acknowledged Head of the muslim faith, and true successor of the Khalife ; that he should retain his conquests in Persia; and that Ashruf should be recognized as the lawful sovereign of that country. This treaty was signed at the camp near Hamadan, about the end of September 1727, and peace proclaimed at Constantinople on the 18th of the following November. Thus Ashruf having freed himself from his most powerful enemy, seemed to all human foresight firmly established on the throne of Xerxes and Noorshevan.
Source:
History of Afghan wars with persia
The chronicles of a traveller: or, A history of the Afghan wars with Persia : Krusiński, Tadeusz Jan, 1675-1756 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
https://archive.org/details/chroniclesatrav00mitfgoog
The Turks declare war against Hotakis
Matters came to a crisis. The Turks maintained there could be but one Imam, unless the countries were so separated by the sea that there could be no communication with Constantinople. .The differences every day grew wider, negotiation was at an end, and the sword called in to decide the quarrel. Abool Azeez was dismissed with very little ceremony (March 31st), and was arrested on his journey to Bagdad by the commandant of Kerkisia on the Euphrates, under the pretext that Ashruf had previously confined, in a common jail, an officer sent to him by Ahmed Padshah.
War between Turks and Afghans
We see in the history of the world that religious wars are generally attended with more bloodshed than those which originate in the disagreement of states in their political relations with each other. Of these the various Crusades for the recovery of the " Holy City" from the hands of the Saracens afford a melancholy proof in which hundreds of thousands of undisciplined men fell victims to the zeal which hurried them on to meet a numerous and well disciplined foe, whom the chivalry and prowess of a Coeur de lion, a Philip, or a Godfrey, vanquished with great difficulty. The wax now on the eve of bursting into flames, about the division of the authority of Imam, was also a religious one, with this essential difference, that the Turkish forces, deluded by the artifices of Ashruf, evinced great diffidence in engaging against a prince who like themselves was a Sunni, and professed great zeal for religion. Ashruf selected four nobles, venerable alike for their age and knowledge, and sent them into the Turkish camp to protest his innocence of the Muslim blood about to be shed. These envoys presented themselves unarmed, and were conducted to Ahmed Padshah, the Ottoman general In the province of Diabekir.
Received in full assembly, they laid the whole of the responsibility of the war upon the Turks; and when the muezzin announced the noontide hour of prayer, they prostrated themselves with the invaders, and besought God aloud to turn the hearts of their fellow-professors, and open their eyes to the iniquity of the invasion. This artful conduct was followed, on their return, by the desertion to the Afghans of five thousand Kurds. It was during this period that the "Tareekh-i-Seeah" was compiled at Constantinople.
Casween surrender to the turks and subsequently revolts
In the meanwhile the inhabitants of Casween made an offer of submitting to Abdallah Padshah, on condition that a Turkish governor should be sent them, but no troops. This general, however, dispatched Ally Padshah with twelve thousand men, who took possession of the place in the name of the Grand Seignior. Ashruf having fortified his palace, the great square and citadel, thus building a fortress within the heart of Isfahan, ravaged the country from the capital to the very gates of Casween. The townsmen, incited by the emissaries of the Afghans, rose upon the troops who had been quartered on them against the conditions of the treaty, and declared for Ashruf. Ahmed Padshah marched within twenty leagues of Hamadan, when news was brought into his camp that the enemy were approaching. Having detached six thousand men to meet the Afghans, these troops were surrounded, and cut to pieces ; and Ahmed, discouraged at this, ordered his army to entrench themselves. Alarmed, however, at the desertion among the Kurds, he determined on giving battle to the foe. Ashruf though very inferior in point of numbers, did not refuse the challenge. Seventy thousand Turks marched out of the lines, supported by seventy pieces of artillery ; whilst the Afghans mustered but thirty- three thousand, and forty harquebusses on camels. At six in the morning* the Turks began the contest, by opening a fire from ten guns. The Afghans returned these with five. Three several times the Seraskier bravely charged them with his right wing, and was as often repulsed, though supported by a furious cannonade : and at three m the afternoon was forced to retire to his entrenchments, after a loss of twelve thousand men. The Kurds having mutinied, Ahmed retired during the night to Kermanshah, leaving his artillery and baggage in the hands of the conqueror. Hither Ashruf pursued him, and by a generous artifice succeeded in implanting amongst the Ottoman troops a greater repugnance to fight against him. On his approach Ahmed retreated on Bagdad, and Ashruf sent deputies to him, not to propose a negotiation for peace, but to inform the Padshah of his readiness toreturn all the foils of his camp, with the exception of ajms ; and to that act of generosity he added another, not less calculated to serve his end — that of liberating his prisoners.
The Porte, alarmed at this defeat, raised immense reinforcements among the Albanians, Bosnians, Egyptians, and Syrians. These vast preparations, however, were unproductive of any important results ; for the troops having been deceived in regard to the place to which they were ordered to march, positively refused to pass the frontiers. Ahmed Padshah had in the meanwhile collected an army of sixty thousand men, and burning with anxiety to revenge the defeat in the campaign of last year, had entered the plains of Hamadan, when Reshid Effendi arrived in his camp. This minister had been dispatched by the Turkish court to negotiate peace, as it was alarmed by the obstinacy of the troops newly collected to reinforce its General in Persia. Zowla Khan, Ashruf 's Etimad-Dowlet, advanced to repel the invasion. The Seraskier sent a messenger to this officer, informing him that the time had arrived for the decision and termination of the question at issue, that the only alternative to the acceptance of the conditions he was authorized to offer, was to prepare for battle. Peace was equally acceptable to both of the belligerent nations; and this abrupt method of opening negotiations was followed, in a short time, by their termination, and the subsequent peace. The principal articles of this treaty were — that the Grand Seignior should be acknowledged Head of the muslim faith, and true successor of the Khalife ; that he should retain his conquests in Persia; and that Ashruf should be recognized as the lawful sovereign of that country. This treaty was signed at the camp near Hamadan, about the end of September 1727, and peace proclaimed at Constantinople on the 18th of the following November. Thus Ashruf having freed himself from his most powerful enemy, seemed to all human foresight firmly established on the throne of Xerxes and Noorshevan.
Source:
History of Afghan wars with persia
The chronicles of a traveller: or, A history of the Afghan wars with Persia : Krusiński, Tadeusz Jan, 1675-1756 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
https://archive.org/details/chroniclesatrav00mitfgoog
