PARIKRAMA
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October 4, 2015
Indian Submarine Propulsion Reactor Needs - Arihant, Aridhaman & Chakra II
Kalpakkam nuclear enclave 45 km south of Chennai is on India's lower east coast. At Kalpakkam submarine test reactors and other nuclear facilities are located. Kalpakkam is part of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) India's military nuclear organisation. For a much larger map click on http://www.newindigo.eu/uimg/AtomicEnergyEstablishmentsinIndia.jpg (Courtesy Creativity India)
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Photo of Arihant's land based prototype reactor at Kalpakkam which went critical on November 11, 2003, was declared operational on September 22, 2006 and photographed (above) in early August 2009(Courtesy The Hindu).---
Please connect with Submarine Matters US and France in Talks with India to Assist India's Nuclear Submarine Program, September 29, 2015.
The Indian indigenous nuclear submarine program, that produced the Arihant, continues under some secrecy. Secrecy is not total because Kalpakkam and its parent organisation, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), need to demonstrate to politicians and the public that the large amounts of taxpayers money is spent wisely with progress made in the nuclear projects.
• Work on the Indian nuclear sub program dates from the 1970's and was referred to as the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Project .
• The prototype nuclear propulsion plant at Kalpakkam (see photo and map above) was developed under the program "Plutonium Recycling Project" or "PRP" under direction of BARC or Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC). Kalpakkam nuclear enclave is 45 km south of Chennai on the lower east coast of India.
• The Kalpakkam-Arihant prototype plant went critical on November 11, 2003 and after further development was declared operational on September 22, 2006. It was only shown to the press once, in early August 2009, about one week after the July 26, 2009 launch of the Arihant itself. Apparently only one photo (above) was cleared for distribution.
• Most sources list the prototype and the Arihant reactors as being rated at 82.5 MW. There are around 13 fuel assemblies with each assembly having 348 fuel pins.
Major components of Arihant's reactor were made by Indian companies, including:
- the reactor vessel, made of special grade steel by Heavy Engineering Corporation, Ranchi.
- steam generator by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) and
- Pressure valves were made by Audco India, Chennai.
ARIHANT's REACTOR PERFORMANCE
There is a great deal of difference between a nuclear propulsion reactor in a submarine and a land-based atomic power station to produce electricity. While a land-based atomic power plant gets backup from other power stations on the electrical grid, a submarine nuclear propulsion reactor only has some weak diesel engines for emergency backup. A propulsion reactor has to be miniaturised to fit into the confined space of a submarine and be lightweight but strong enough to endure the shock due to moderately powerful underwater explosions. The reactor must also withstand the pitch and roll of a submarine. The reactor must also be capable of rapidly accelerating and decelerating the submarine - unlike a land-based power plant which ramps up gradually.The Arihant's 83 MW reactor went critical after many sea trials. Extrapolating from known data on Russian submarines and their reactors - the Akula class has a 190 MW reactor but turbines that are rated at just 32MW. Going by the roughly 20 percent power rule here, the turbines on the Arihant are likely to be around 15 MW, or about 20,000 horsepower. Rating them at higher than that doesn't seem to make much sense, and the figures placing them at 47,000 hp (on wiki right sidebar) seems ludicrous - that sort of power would propel the Arihant's estimated 6,000 tons (surfaced) (perhaps 7,000 tons submerged) bulk past 37 knots (like a high speed SSN). A lower power rating and a speed in the SSBN range of 24 knots seems far more likely. A ballistic missile submarine isn't meant to sprint across the oceans - it's meant to be a ghost, running silent and deep, popping up to deliver its apocalyptic cargo when the time calls.
Arihant, with its 83 MW reactor, must be considered an interm and experimental test bed. The 83 MW reactor is not powerful enough for the second of class INS Aridhaman SSBN. Aridhaman, to carry a larger missile load, may weigh around 8,000 tons (surfaced). So a more powerful reactor, approaching Chakra II's 190 MW reactor, may be India's objective.
INDIA INTERESTED IN CHAKRA II'S 190 MW REACTOR
A major reason for India funding Chakra II (ex Nerpa Akula's) completion and 10 year lease is Indian interest in developing a reactor with something approaching 190 MW. It is logical to assume that India has a prototype 190 MW reactor at Kalpakkam with Russian advisers for technology transfer. The Akula SSNs, like Chakra II, use the OK-650 reactor rated at 190 MW. It uses a low end 20%-45% HEU reactor. The OK-650 may have been first used 1980 and is still being placed on new Russian submarines - such as 2 on the Borei SSBN in 2009. The OK-650 and other 190 MW Russian submarine reactors are made by the OKBM Afrikantov company.
Of nuclear submarine powers India may still have reactors less advanced than China's but ahead of Brazil. The most advanced remains the US. USS Nautilus was launched in January 1954 and its reactor went critical in December 1954, under two years after the land based prototype went critical. The US provided the UK with its best reactors and helped the UK build copies. France may have received direct US-UK assistance or they tacitly permitted "espionage" by France.
INDIA INTERESTED IN FRENCH AND US REACTOR ASSISTANCE
As at September 2015 India appears to be encouraging Russia, France and the US to compete in providing nuclear submarine assistance to India. Russia is an overt provider of assistance while France and US may claim that are not actually assisting in Indian submarine reactor development.
Biswajit Pattanaik advised in Comments[Oct 2, 2015 8:42PM] India may want a reactor similar to the K15, 150 MW that France has in the Barracuda SSN. Years ago a retired Indian Navy Admiral said the Navy asked BARC to develop a 190 MW with HEU for possible use for the 2nd Vikrant class aircraft carrier and future SSBNs and SSNs that will appear after 2025 time frame. Biswajit understands India is seeking French assistance to increase the life of the Indian reactor from the current 5-8 years to around 10-15 years. India may also be talking to French reactor builder AREVA about converting the K15 from LEU to a new HEU type reactor.
Ultimately India would be very interested in developing a reactor approaching the capabilities of the US Virginia class's ninth generation S9G reactor which uses higher HEU of 90+ % and lasts the lifetime of a submarine (33 years).
Submarine Matters: Indian Submarine Propulsion Reactor Needs - Arihant, Aridhaman & Chakra II
Credit to Pete Coates and Biswajit Pattanaik who had helped Pete with some valuable information
In comments, Biswajit further posted
Regarding INS Arihant's reactor capacity of 83MWe,when India started the ATV project;the Govt. & IN wanted an SSN.But after the Pokhran-II nuclear tests from 11–13 May 1998 & subsequent change in India's Nuclear doctrine of No-First Use;the ATV Program was morphed into a SSBN program to reflect this doctrine & to provide the country with a 2nd Strike Nuclear capability.That's why the Arihant class SSBN have such a low powered reactor on board because it was orginally headed for a SSN program.
On India's Nuclear Doctrine Policy....
India has a declared nuclear no-first-usepolicy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence." In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursuea policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorise the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor(s)'.
Interestingly India's nuclear doctrine calls for a No-First Use of Nuclear weapons only on non-nuclear weapon states.But it may or can use its nuclear weapons on a nuclear power state as first strike weapon.Whether the nature of nuclear attack was a miniaturised version or a"big" missile or a small nuclear attack or not, India will retaliate massively to inflict unacceptable damage.Plus if Indians Militarily or Civilians are attacked with Nuclear/Biological/Chemical/Radiological weapons anywhere in the world (knowingly by the conerned state),India will respond with its nuclear weapons irrespective of the fact whether it is nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear weapon state
Pete replied
Certainly India's nuclear doctrine makes chilling reading, including:
"Plus if Indians Militarily or Civilians are attacked with Nuclear/Biological/Chemical/Radiological weapons anywhere in the world (knowingly by the conerned state),India will respond with its nuclear weapons irrespective of the fact whether it is nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear weapon state."
Indian Submarine Propulsion Reactor Needs - Arihant, Aridhaman & Chakra II
Kalpakkam nuclear enclave 45 km south of Chennai is on India's lower east coast. At Kalpakkam submarine test reactors and other nuclear facilities are located. Kalpakkam is part of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) India's military nuclear organisation. For a much larger map click on http://www.newindigo.eu/uimg/AtomicEnergyEstablishmentsinIndia.jpg (Courtesy Creativity India)
---
Photo of Arihant's land based prototype reactor at Kalpakkam which went critical on November 11, 2003, was declared operational on September 22, 2006 and photographed (above) in early August 2009(Courtesy The Hindu).---
Please connect with Submarine Matters US and France in Talks with India to Assist India's Nuclear Submarine Program, September 29, 2015.
The Indian indigenous nuclear submarine program, that produced the Arihant, continues under some secrecy. Secrecy is not total because Kalpakkam and its parent organisation, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), need to demonstrate to politicians and the public that the large amounts of taxpayers money is spent wisely with progress made in the nuclear projects.
• Work on the Indian nuclear sub program dates from the 1970's and was referred to as the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Project .
• The prototype nuclear propulsion plant at Kalpakkam (see photo and map above) was developed under the program "Plutonium Recycling Project" or "PRP" under direction of BARC or Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC). Kalpakkam nuclear enclave is 45 km south of Chennai on the lower east coast of India.
• The Kalpakkam-Arihant prototype plant went critical on November 11, 2003 and after further development was declared operational on September 22, 2006. It was only shown to the press once, in early August 2009, about one week after the July 26, 2009 launch of the Arihant itself. Apparently only one photo (above) was cleared for distribution.
• Most sources list the prototype and the Arihant reactors as being rated at 82.5 MW. There are around 13 fuel assemblies with each assembly having 348 fuel pins.
Major components of Arihant's reactor were made by Indian companies, including:
- the reactor vessel, made of special grade steel by Heavy Engineering Corporation, Ranchi.
- steam generator by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) and
- Pressure valves were made by Audco India, Chennai.
ARIHANT's REACTOR PERFORMANCE
There is a great deal of difference between a nuclear propulsion reactor in a submarine and a land-based atomic power station to produce electricity. While a land-based atomic power plant gets backup from other power stations on the electrical grid, a submarine nuclear propulsion reactor only has some weak diesel engines for emergency backup. A propulsion reactor has to be miniaturised to fit into the confined space of a submarine and be lightweight but strong enough to endure the shock due to moderately powerful underwater explosions. The reactor must also withstand the pitch and roll of a submarine. The reactor must also be capable of rapidly accelerating and decelerating the submarine - unlike a land-based power plant which ramps up gradually.The Arihant's 83 MW reactor went critical after many sea trials. Extrapolating from known data on Russian submarines and their reactors - the Akula class has a 190 MW reactor but turbines that are rated at just 32MW. Going by the roughly 20 percent power rule here, the turbines on the Arihant are likely to be around 15 MW, or about 20,000 horsepower. Rating them at higher than that doesn't seem to make much sense, and the figures placing them at 47,000 hp (on wiki right sidebar) seems ludicrous - that sort of power would propel the Arihant's estimated 6,000 tons (surfaced) (perhaps 7,000 tons submerged) bulk past 37 knots (like a high speed SSN). A lower power rating and a speed in the SSBN range of 24 knots seems far more likely. A ballistic missile submarine isn't meant to sprint across the oceans - it's meant to be a ghost, running silent and deep, popping up to deliver its apocalyptic cargo when the time calls.
Arihant, with its 83 MW reactor, must be considered an interm and experimental test bed. The 83 MW reactor is not powerful enough for the second of class INS Aridhaman SSBN. Aridhaman, to carry a larger missile load, may weigh around 8,000 tons (surfaced). So a more powerful reactor, approaching Chakra II's 190 MW reactor, may be India's objective.
INDIA INTERESTED IN CHAKRA II'S 190 MW REACTOR
A major reason for India funding Chakra II (ex Nerpa Akula's) completion and 10 year lease is Indian interest in developing a reactor with something approaching 190 MW. It is logical to assume that India has a prototype 190 MW reactor at Kalpakkam with Russian advisers for technology transfer. The Akula SSNs, like Chakra II, use the OK-650 reactor rated at 190 MW. It uses a low end 20%-45% HEU reactor. The OK-650 may have been first used 1980 and is still being placed on new Russian submarines - such as 2 on the Borei SSBN in 2009. The OK-650 and other 190 MW Russian submarine reactors are made by the OKBM Afrikantov company.
Of nuclear submarine powers India may still have reactors less advanced than China's but ahead of Brazil. The most advanced remains the US. USS Nautilus was launched in January 1954 and its reactor went critical in December 1954, under two years after the land based prototype went critical. The US provided the UK with its best reactors and helped the UK build copies. France may have received direct US-UK assistance or they tacitly permitted "espionage" by France.
INDIA INTERESTED IN FRENCH AND US REACTOR ASSISTANCE
As at September 2015 India appears to be encouraging Russia, France and the US to compete in providing nuclear submarine assistance to India. Russia is an overt provider of assistance while France and US may claim that are not actually assisting in Indian submarine reactor development.
Biswajit Pattanaik advised in Comments[Oct 2, 2015 8:42PM] India may want a reactor similar to the K15, 150 MW that France has in the Barracuda SSN. Years ago a retired Indian Navy Admiral said the Navy asked BARC to develop a 190 MW with HEU for possible use for the 2nd Vikrant class aircraft carrier and future SSBNs and SSNs that will appear after 2025 time frame. Biswajit understands India is seeking French assistance to increase the life of the Indian reactor from the current 5-8 years to around 10-15 years. India may also be talking to French reactor builder AREVA about converting the K15 from LEU to a new HEU type reactor.
Ultimately India would be very interested in developing a reactor approaching the capabilities of the US Virginia class's ninth generation S9G reactor which uses higher HEU of 90+ % and lasts the lifetime of a submarine (33 years).
Submarine Matters: Indian Submarine Propulsion Reactor Needs - Arihant, Aridhaman & Chakra II
Credit to Pete Coates and Biswajit Pattanaik who had helped Pete with some valuable information
In comments, Biswajit further posted
Regarding INS Arihant's reactor capacity of 83MWe,when India started the ATV project;the Govt. & IN wanted an SSN.But after the Pokhran-II nuclear tests from 11–13 May 1998 & subsequent change in India's Nuclear doctrine of No-First Use;the ATV Program was morphed into a SSBN program to reflect this doctrine & to provide the country with a 2nd Strike Nuclear capability.That's why the Arihant class SSBN have such a low powered reactor on board because it was orginally headed for a SSN program.
On India's Nuclear Doctrine Policy....
India has a declared nuclear no-first-usepolicy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence." In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursuea policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorise the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor(s)'.
Interestingly India's nuclear doctrine calls for a No-First Use of Nuclear weapons only on non-nuclear weapon states.But it may or can use its nuclear weapons on a nuclear power state as first strike weapon.Whether the nature of nuclear attack was a miniaturised version or a"big" missile or a small nuclear attack or not, India will retaliate massively to inflict unacceptable damage.Plus if Indians Militarily or Civilians are attacked with Nuclear/Biological/Chemical/Radiological weapons anywhere in the world (knowingly by the conerned state),India will respond with its nuclear weapons irrespective of the fact whether it is nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear weapon state
Pete replied
Certainly India's nuclear doctrine makes chilling reading, including:
"Plus if Indians Militarily or Civilians are attacked with Nuclear/Biological/Chemical/Radiological weapons anywhere in the world (knowingly by the conerned state),India will respond with its nuclear weapons irrespective of the fact whether it is nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear weapon state."
