What's new

Indian Space Capabilities

Chandrayaan 96 hours from moon's orbit

5 Nov 2008, 0012 hrs IST, Srinivas Laxman, TNN


MUMBAI: At 4.56am on Tuesday, Chandrayaan spacecraft entered the main highway to the moon and began its 96-hour flight towards the lunar orbit. It
was the fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre before the spacecraft entered the orbit on Saturday.

A jubilant Chandrayaan project director Mylaswamy Annadurai told TOI from Bangalore the spacecraft's 440 Newton liquid engine was fired for about two-and-a-half minutes and Chandrayaan entered the moon highway with an apogee (farthest point to earth) being 3,80,000 km.

Annadurai recalled the final moments before the spacecraft entered the moon highway also known as lunar transfer trajectory. "I was at Isro's telemetry, tracking and command network (Istrac) at Bangalore since early morning and we were going step by step very carefully. As soon as we received a signal that Chandrayaan had successfully entered the main highway to the moon, there was a jubilation in the mission control room," he said. Istrac director S K Shivakumar told TOI, "Yes, we all had a sense of satisfaction, but let me tell you that there were no clapping and embracing because the lunar orbit insertion (LOI) was still left," Shivakumar said.

He said commands are flashed to the spacecraft in the form of a digital message. "The return key in a keyboard
is hit and the message is processed by the computer and transmitted to the spacecraft. Let me assure you that the person who will be hitting this return key on Saturday for the LOI is under no pressure," he said.

Annadurai said the health of the spacecraft was being continuously monitored from the spacecraft control centre at Istrac with support from the Indian Deep Space Network antennas at Byalalu. "I am happy to say that the spacecraft is performing normally," Annadurai said.

Asked if the Chandrayaan team was nervous about the LOI on Saturday, he said the orbit raising manoeuvre on Tuesday was equally crucial. "I am hoping that the manoeuvre will go off smoothly on Saturday too," he said.

He said in all probability the LOI will occur between 5pm and 6pm on Saturday. Space scientists said this manoeuvre can be a hair-raising one because 30% of lunar missions of US and the former Soviet Union have failed because of some problems during LOI.

 
.
hmm this mission is entering the final phases, this will be one of the most crucial part, best of luck to ISRO

"Yes, we all had a sense of satisfaction, but let me tell you that there were no clapping and embracing because the lunar orbit insertion (LOI) was still left,"
 
.
They are attempting something new for the first time, and they have jumped a few steps, they have directly aimed for a landing on the moon. You know even if this particular mission fails, ISRO will have generated a LOT of data which will aid their future Lunar missions as well as Mars missions immensely.

Here's wishing success to them this time itself though!
 
.
ok guys one more mile stone

The Hindu : Front Page : Chandrayaan takes pictures of moon

Chandrayaan takes pictures of moon

Special Correspondent
CHENNAI: The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 has started taking pictures of the moon. On Tuesday evening, when the spacecraft was in the lunar transfer orbit, it photographed the crescent moon from a distance of some 2.5 lakh km.

The TMC took pictures of the earth when it was made operational on October 29. The pictures showed the northern and southern coasts of Australia.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) performed the fifth and final orbit-raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 early Tuesday morning, which put the spacecraft in the lunar transfer orbit. In the evening, the TMC, one of its 11 scientific instruments, took images of the moon.

M. Annadurai, Project Director, Chandrayaan-1, said: “The pictures were taken when the spacecraft was more than 2.5 lakh km away from the moon. We did again the entire chain of tests of the 11 instruments, data handling, data storage, downlinking, radio frequency and so on.”

Chandrayaan-1 will reach the moon’s vicinity on November 8. According to ISRO’s present plans, the spacecraft will be lowered into its final orbit on November 15, in which it will go round the moon at an altitude of 100 km.
 
.
The Hindu : Sci Tech : How Chandrayaan-1 will help compile a 3D atlas



How Chandrayaan-1 will help compile a 3D atlas

R. PRASAD

he Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) on-board Chandrayaan-1 is a unique demonstration of space scientists’ ingenuity. It will be able to produce a 3D atlas of the moon using a single camera. The resolution will be 5 metres. This will help to prepare a 3D atlas with a unprecedented high-resolution.

Developed indigenously

Developed by the Ahmedabad based Space Applications Centre, the TMC will be able to image the moon’s surface from three directions — vertically down view, forward view and backward view along the path of the spacecraft’s orbit. The three view imaging feature of TMC is the first among ISRO’s remote sensing payloads.

“The three different views become possible as the camera picks up data from three different angles,” said Dr. Kiran Kumar A.S., Deputy Director, Sensor Development Area, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad. “The three images are picked up simultaneously from three different angles by the Terrain Mapping Camera.”

The data will enable the preparation of a three dimensional lunar atlas. For 3D information, at least 2 views of the region from different angles are required.

Overcoming occlusion

The three views of TMC will ensure that regions on slope where the viewing angle is smaller than the slope is not occluded, as the image of the slope will be available by the third view.

One would normally need three cameras to image a feature simultaneously from three different angles. So how does the Terrain Imaging Camera manage to do it with just one camera?

“It is due to the innovative design of the camera,” Dr. Kumar said. “A set of two mirrors in the camera are used to provide two angles apart from the nadir [view from the top] view.”

While a normal camera of four mega pixels would have 2,000 by 2,000 elements, the Terrain Mapping Camera does not capture data the same way. “We don’t get one frame at a time but one single line,” he said.

The 4,000 pixels (1 pixel covers an area of 5 metre x 5 metre from a height of 100 km from the moon) in the Terrain Mapping Camera are arranged in a linear manner. While the spacecraft moves in north-south polar orbit, the camera covers a width of 20 km in an east-west direction.

The swath

Hence the area covered in an instant is 5 m x 20 km (4,000 by 5 metres). This is called the swath. “We can map 4,000 elements by 5 metres (20 km swath) in one instant and the next moment we move to cover another 5 metres,” Dr. Kumar explained. An area of 1.5 km of the moon is imaged in one second.

All the three views generate a 2-D image, as each view covers north-south and east-west directions (X, Y directions). And a 3-D view of a point can be generated by combining the 2-D data by using data from any of the two views.

Since the three views of the camera are in the same direction of the spacecraft movement, a point lying in the path of the orbit is covered by all the three views. “Combining all the 3 views provides more details and takes care of the occlusion problem,” said A Roy Chowdhury, Head, Geo & Planetary Sensor Electronics Division and Instrument Scientist TMC & HySI, Chandrayaan-1 at Space Applications Centre.

The spacecraft will take nearly two hours to complete one north-south polar orbit. But the moon will not be imaged continuously for the full two hours of the orbit.

The solar illumination changes as the moon moves in its orbit. So the imaging time is limited to minimise the variation of illumination conditions.

Prime imaging period

Limiting the solar aspect angle to 30 degrees on either side of the equator will result in a prime imaging period of just 60 days in six months.

“We will get two slots of 60 days each in a year. We will pick up data during these two slots,” said Dr. Kumar.

So this results “in imaging for only 20 minutes per six visible orbits from the Indian ground station to cover the whole moon.”

The area covered during 20 minutes of imaging will be 1,800 km (1.5 km will be imaged in a second).

These are some of the reasons why the mission period is two years though imaging the moon can theoretically be completed in 28 days — the time taken by the moon to complete one rotation.

The camera has four exposure settings and this lets the camera record data from areas not well illuminated by the sun, particularly those lying in higher latitudes up to the poles.

While increasing the exposure time would allow imaging the less lit areas, the spacecraft will be moving during such long exposures. This will result in coarser resolution of the images.

The 3D atlas with a unprecedented high resolution will help in better understanding of the moon’s evolution process.

It will also help researchers to identify regions of the moon for detailed study. The images will also “be an important input for analysing data from other scientific instruments on Chandrayaan-1.
 
.
any guesses where else it will be used :)

ISRO develops new satellite- ET Cetera-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times

BANGALORE: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has developed a new satellite that could take images through the clouds, enabling space-based application in such scenarios to manage cyclones, floods and agriculture related activities.

India's current earth-observation satellites are working in visible and infrared bands, which means they can take pictures only when its cloud-free.

"Often, during cyclones and floods the entire sky will be clouded. To see through the cloud, the new Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) will be important. In fact, we have got a tie-up with Canadian space agency...we are now using their satellite images to assess floods and other problems," ISRO Chairman G Madhavan Nair said.

"Once our satellite (RISAT) is put into orbit, we will be able to use this for all purposes. And that will also help us in assessing the agriculture during monsoon season - how much sowing has been done and how much harvesting," Nair, who is also Secretary of Department of Space said here.

According to ISRO officials, RISAT mission would have a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload, operating in a multi-polarisation and multi-resolution mode.

SAR, an active sensor, operated in the microwave range of electromagnetic spectrum, provides the target parameters such as dielectric constant, roughness and geometry. With its unique capability for day-night imaging and in all weather conditions, including fog and haze, provides information on soil moisture.
 
.
I can't get confirmation from other sources so dunno how much correct this is:

Chandrayaan-1 beams moon images | Chandrayaan



BANGALORE: India’s rendezvous with the moon is heading in the right direction.
Following the final orbit raising manoeuvre which has put the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft closer to the moon, the first black and white images of the moon have been beamed by the spacecraft.

The images which can be seen only on the television screens have been transmitted to the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu.

ISRO officials said that the beaming of the images was satisfactory and that it was sent when the spacecraft was propelled for the fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre.

The Chandrayaan-1 has entered the Lunar Transfer Trajectory with an apogee (farthest point to Earth) of about 380,000 km. Chandrayaan- 1 will approach the moon on November 8 and the spacecraft’s liquid engine will be fired again to insert the spacecraft into lunar orbit.

Earlier this month, the Chandrayaan-1’s camera was tested as the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) onboard Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft beamed two images capturing the Australia’s Northern and Southern coast.

The Chandrayaan-1 which was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota on October 22 has 11 payloads. Apart from the TMC, the other four Indian payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are the Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI), Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), High Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) and the Moon Impact Probe (MIP). The other six payloads are from abroad.
 
. .
Let's hope everything goes right :)

NDTV.com: Chandrayaan to begin orbiting moon on Saturday

November 07, 2008 7:20 PM (Gandhinagar)
Indian space scientists are hopeful that Chandrayaan-1 will Saturday start orbiting the moon.

"If everything goes right, by November 8, Chandrayaan-1 will start circling the moon," said Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chairman Madhavan Nair in Gandhinagar on Tuesday.

The last orbit-raising manoeuvres to enter the lunar transfer trajectory were completed Tuesday by the Spacecraft Control Centre at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore, he said.

The ISRO will soon launch Bhuvan that will provide online maps based on the Geographical Information System (GIS) similar to that of Google Earth, said Nair, who was here to attend the inaugural 28th International Congress on Mapping and Space Technology-INCA-2008.

The 28th International Congress has been organised jointly by ISRO and the International Cartographic Association with participation of about 400 delegates from India, the US, Australia, Germany and other countries.
 
.
ok guys it is 17:30 today let's hope everything goes fine :), otherwise we will need to wait for next launch

Crucial Chandrayaan manoeuvre today

R. Ramachandran

It’ll inject spacecraft into orbit around moon

NEW DELHI: A crucial manoeuvre, to be performed on Saturday, on Chandrayaan-1 will inject it into an orbit around the moon from its current highly elliptical orbit around the earth.

On November 4, the last of the earth-bound manoeuvres was carried out, which put the satellite into an orbit with an apogee (the farthest point in the orbit from the earth) of 3,84,000 km and a perigee (the nearest point) at 1,019 km. With this apogee, the satellite actually encircles the moon as well. However, this earth-bound orbit is actually at about an inclination of 18 degrees to the earth’s Equator. Since the final designated lunar orbit is a circumpolar one, this orbit has also to turn around by almost 90 degrees.

As the satellite cruises along its present trajectory, the moon’s gravity will begin to dominate when this orbit will be about 60,000 km from the moon, which is expected to happen around midnight on Friday. Under the gravitational pull, the satellite will also begin to gain velocity. The orbit plane will also begin to gradually tilt away from its present near-equatorial one.

To enable the satellite to be completely captured by the moon, and thereby make the earth’s gravity irrelevant, the satellite would have to be slowed down. And this important operation will be performed when it is about 500 km from the moon, above the lunar north-pole. This is expected to occur around 1730 hrs on Saturday. At this point, the satellite’s orientation will actually be earth-facing. Also, significantly, the orbit will no longer be a closed elliptic one; it becomes an open hyperbolic one. So, if velocity reduction is not achieved at the designated time, the satellite will escape from moon’s gravity and be irretrievably lost in space. Thus, this operation is extremely crucial.

To enable Chandrayaan-1 to be captured by the moon, its orientation will be turned around by 180 degrees with the help of on-board reaction wheels. After this , retro-rockets will be fired for about 800 seconds.

The firing will give momentum to the satellite in the direction opposite to its orbit direction and slow it down. This will bring down its velocity from about 2 km/s to about 1.5 km/s.

It will then be under the total influence of the moon and its trajectory under its gravitational pull at this point will be such that the slowly tilting orbit would have actually swung by nearly 90 degrees southwards to become a circumpolar one. In this Lunar Orbit of Injection, the satellite’s closest point from the moon (perilune) is 500 km and the farthest point (apolune) is about 7,500 km. The period of revolution around the moon will be about 10 hours.

The preparation for the manoeuvre is expected to begin around noon on Saturday when satellite health checks will be performed. A little before the satellite approaches the lunar north-pole, its orientation will be turned around to ensure that its new orientation is exactly opposite to its velocity vector. The firing of the retro-rockets is expected between 1730 hrs and 1800 hrs. Within an hour, one will know if the manoeuvre has been successful.

Once completed, the orientation will be maintained such that the solar panel continuously faces the sun to generate maximum power. It will be similarly turned around every time a velocity reduction operation is to be performed. Four more velocity reduction operations are required to be carried out, twice at perilune and twice at apolune, to bring it into final pole-to-pole circular orbit of 100 km radius. The satellite will attain its final orbit on November 15.
 
.
Chandrayaan to enter tricky lunar orbit today-India-The Times of India

Chandrayaan to enter tricky lunar orbit today
8 Nov 2008, 0352 hrs IST, Srinivas Laxman, TNN

MUMBAI: Saturday evening would mark the D-day for India's prestigious Rs 386-crore moon mission, Chandrayaan-1, when the tricky lunar orbit

insertion (LOI) takes place — expectedly between 5 pm and 6 pm. The success of the moon mission, which lifted off on October 22, depends on this.

According to space experts, LOI is not without danger because it means traversing through an area in which the gravitational forces of the earth and moon nearly cancel each other out. Consequently, even a small deviation could send the spacecraft into a crash course towards the moon or earth — or on a path leading into deep space. Experts recall that about 30% of unmanned moon missions of US and the former Soviet Union failed during an LOI.

On the eve of Chandrayaan's LOI, an Isro official said: "Despite the challenging manouevre on Saturday, the professionalism of scientists and engineers makes us approach the task with optimism, although I admit to a feeling of nervous apprehension. It will be a test for everyone, including the deep space network at Byalalu and the electronic brain of the Chandrayaan spacecraft," he said.

He said the main challenge before LOI was targetting the spacecraft accurately to pass near the moon on Saturday at a "safe" distance of a few hundred kilometres. The distance between the earth and the moon is 3,86,000 km. "At that distance, it will be a big challenge for us to track the spacecraft, because the moon itself will be moving around the earth at the speed of 3,600 km per hour," he said.
 
.
The Hindu News Update Service
Chandrayaan-1 to enter lunar orbit today
Bangalore (PTI): In one of the most crucial manoeuvres since the launch of India's maiden moon mission, Chandrayaan-1, ISRO scientists are slated to inject the spacecraft into the lunar orbit today.

"The lunar orbit insertion (LOI) will start around 5 p.m. and last around 800 seconds," ISRO spokesperson S Satish told PTI here.

Once the operation is completed, it will be in a 7,500 km X 500 km elliptical orbit around the moon. "It (Chandrayaan-1) will enter the moon's orbit. It will be captured by lunar gravity," Satish said.

Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the spaceport of Sriharikota on October 22.
 
. .
Cogrtats to everyone, MiSSION SUCCESSFULL, Chandrayan enters moon orbit..........

Chandrayaan-1 enters lunar orbit successfully

Chandrayaan-1 enters lunar orbit successfully

New Delhi:After two weeks of journey India's first unmanned lunar spacecraft Chandrayaan-1 entered the lunar orbit on Saturday evening. The journey so far has been 'error-free'.


Initially, Chandrayaan-1 will be circling the moon from 7,500 kilometers away. However, by Tuesday it will cruise closer to the moon early on Tuesday when it makes the transition from the earth's elliptical orbit into deeper space, a top space agency official said Monday.


"The liquid apogee motor (LAM) on board will be fired around 5.00 am on Tuesday for about five minutes to make the transition and position the spacecraft at about 500 km from the moon's surface and over 384,000 km away from the earth," Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) director S. Satish said.


The complex manoeuvres will be carried out from the spacecraft's control room at ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network (Istrac) in coordination with its deep space network (DSN) at Byalalu, about 40 km from Bangalore.


"Additional velocity will be given to the spacecraft to enter the lunar orbit Saturday (November for a rendezvous with the moon. With calibrated firing of its LAMs, it will be inserted into its designated orbit, which will be about 100 km from the lunar surface," Satish said.
 
.
guys what about having beer on 15th in bangalore when we will have our flag on the moon :)
 
.

Latest posts

Pakistan Affairs Latest Posts

Back
Top Bottom