Forced conversions in Islamic history are not exceptionalthey have been the norm, across three continentsAsia, Africa, and Europefor over 13 centuries. Orders for conversion were decreed under all the early Islamic dynastiesUmayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, and Mamluks. Additional extensive examples of forced conversion were recorded under both Seljuk and Ottoman Turkish rule (the latter until its collapse in the 20th century), the Shiite Safavid and Qajar dynasties of Persia/Iran, and during the jihad ravages on the Indian subcontinent, beginning with the early 11th century campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni, and recurring under the Delhi Sultanate, and Moghul dynasty until the collapse of Muslim suzerainty in the 18th century following the British conquest of India.
Moreover, during jihadeven the jihad campaigns of the 20th century [i.e., the jihad genocide of the Armenians during World War I, the Moplah jihad in Southern India [1921], the jihad against the Assyrians of Iraq [early 1930s], the jihads against the Chinese of Indonesia and the Christian Ibo of southern Nigeria in the 1960s, and the jihad against the Christians and Animists of the southern Sudan from 1983 to 2001], the (dubious) concept of no compulsion (Koran 2:256; which was cited with tragic irony during the Fox reporters confessional!), has always been meaningless. A consistent practice was to enslave populations taken from outside the boundaries of the Dar al Islam, where Islamic rule (and Law) prevailed. Inevitably fresh non-Muslim slaves, including children, were Islamized within a generation, their ethnic and linguistic origins erased. Two enduring and important mechanisms for this conversion were concubinage and the slave militiaspractices still evident in the contemporary jihad waged by the Arab Muslim Khartoum government against the southern Sudanese Christians and Animists. And Julia Duin reported in early 2002 that murderous jihad terror campaignsincluding, prominently, forced conversions to Islamcontinued to be waged against the Christians of Indonesias Moluccan Islands.
), Lahori, Rajput, Punjabi - in that order I would say. The last three shift around.
