Hindu rewriting of history texts

[AgNoStiC MuSliM]

Hindu rewriting of history texts splits India
By Rama Lakshmi​

Published: TUESDAY, OCTOBER 15, 2002

NEW DELHI: One out of three people in India cannot read nor write. At least 100 million children are out of school. And 45 percent of those who join school drop out before finishing even five years of basic schooling.

And yet the shrillest education debate in this billion-plus nation today barely touches on any of these themes. Instead, it revolves around the rewriting of school history textbooks. In the past four years since the Hindu nationalist-led coalition government, headed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, came to power, a systematic attempt has been made to change the curriculum of school history textbooks.

The Hindu nationalists want to build a Hindu nation out of what is officially a secular country with rights accorded to religious minorities. Education and the interpretation of history is central to their ideology.

The Hindu nationalists allege that much of Indian history has been written from a Euro-centric, colonial perspective and urgently needs to be "Indian-ized." But critics maintain that the changes are merely an attempt to legitimize a militant, theological agenda proposed by the ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party.

"This is the battle against a colored and dangerous version of history which will place people of one faith against another and breed suspicion," said Satish Chandra, a historian whose history textbooks are among those being replaced now. "This kind of history will not hold the country together."
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For almost five decades since it won independence from British colonial rule, India has struggled to keep its fragile, quilt-like social fabric together by a cautious secular policy in every sphere, including education — a tightrope walk in this multi-religious democracy. But Hindu revivalists have long felt that the nation's secular creed had assumed a definite anti-Hindu slant.

Authors sympathetic to their cause were brought in to rewrite the history books. Some basic foundations of Indian history were questioned. In response to popular demand in some instances, changes also included deletions of negative references to some ethnic groups and religious leaders from history.

"It is not a question of revivalism," said J.S. Rajput, director of National Council of Educational Research and Training in New Delhi, the body spearheading the efforts to change the school curriculum. "Every country should write its history from its own point of view. Our history books have been written from a Euro-centric view because we were a colony for so long. History books should instill a sense of pride in the young mind and should be rooted in our culture."

But many historians charge that the task of history writing is not one of mythmaking and patriotic nation-building.

They accuse the new authors of trying to portray the 5,000-year-old Indus Valley civilization, which is said to predate the birth of Hinduism, along Hindu lines. The critics say that the Aryan race, hitherto referred to as herdsmen who arrived from near the Caspian Sea and gave birth to Hindu thought, are being portrayed as indigenous Indians. The textbooks, critics say, also undermine the medieval period, when Islam arrived in India. The Hindu nationalists consider India's 13 percent Muslim population as a suspect community and frequently take up the theme of "invasions by Muslim rulers" during the medieval era.

But one of the most glaring omissions is the assassination of Mohandas K. Gandhi, regarded as the father of the nation. The event is not mentioned at all in the new history books. Gandhi was assassinated a few months after independence in 1947 by a Hindu fanatic who believed that Gandhi's policies appeased the nation's Muslims. The gunman, it was later found out, had once belonged to a militaristic Hindu brotherhood that spawned the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.

The new textbooks also neglect the oppressive structure of social hierarchy of the Indian caste system, sanctioned by Hindu theology, where every person was assigned a rigid role at birth.

Hindu right-wing groups attached to the Bharatiya Janata Party believe such changes are necessary because the old history textbooks did not adequately focus on India's strengths. "There is too much emphasis on the medieval period when we were repeatedly invaded," said Dina Nath Batra, head of Vidya Bharati, a Hindu group that runs 22,000 private schools imparting education with a "nationalistic" consciousness. "There is not enough in the history books that focus on our ancient Hindu civilization and its contribution to science, mathematics and astronomy," he said.

Secular activists and critics have called the moves "an assault on history.""They want to omit any uncomfortable references to Hindus and merely glorify Hindu culture in the name of Indian culture," said Arjun Dev, a noted school historian and an educationist. "This version of the past is crucial to their political and religious ideology of Hindu supremacy. They will go to any lengths to achieve this, even put forth a fake, invented past."

Hindu rewriting of history texts splits India - International Herald Tribune



Once again, Pakistanis have their equal.

 

[AgNoStiC MuSliM]

OP-ED: Smuggling hindutva through textbooks —Yoginder Sikand

If ignored, the Hindutva brigade will have produced an entire generation of students ignorant of India’s past and filled with a burning sense of hatred against other communities — a sure recipe for civil strife on a massive scale

Hindutva’s ideological onslaught, based as it is on a deliberate distortion of history, poses an immense threat to Indian education, playing havoc with the minds of tens of millions of school-going children. In recent years, ever since the BJP-led coalition came to power, Hindutva ideologues have been strategically appointed to head major educational research and policy institutions, and from these positions of power have been at work seeking to promote their hate-filled ideology through the educational system.

Through its several publications, the Delhi-based Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust (SAHMAT) has played a major role in highlighting the deliberate manipulation of history texts by Hindutva forces. Recently, it released another report, tellingly titled, ‘Plagiarised and Communalised: More on the NCERT Textbooks’, uncovering how the major educational planning body in the country is now being used to promote the Hindutva agenda.

As the report rightly sees it, the deliberate distortion of India’s past as presented in the new series of textbooks published by the National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) constitutes a major ‘assault on history’ and an ‘utter disregard for historical facts’. These texts are replete with negative portrayals of Muslims and an uncritical glorification of Brahminism.

The report provides numerous examples to substantiate its claims of how textbooks are being hurriedly re-written to promote the hate-filled ideology of Hindutva. Thus, it refers to a new NCERT book titled ‘Modern India’, prescribed for students of Class XII. The author, a certain Satish Chandra Mittal, is known for his fierce Hindutva proclivities. In a pamphlet that he had published some years ago he had complained about what he had called too-much emphasis on Hindu-Muslim unity and India’s composite culture in the history textbooks.

Quite naturally, then, when the NCERT authorities decided to issue a fresh set of texts, they chose, among others known for their antipathy to Hindu-Muslim unity, Mr Mittal for the task. As can be expected, the little-known Mr Mittal is thoroughly ill equipped for the purpose. The report quotes numerous glaring errors in his book — it refers to General Dyer, former governor of Punjab, as having been shot dead in 1940, whereas he actually died in 1927 of brain haemorrhage; it says that the foundation of the Forward Bloc by Subhash Chandra Bose so incensed the Gandhites that he had to resign from the presidentship of the Congress, whereas Bose formed the Forward Bloc only after quitting the Congress; it glorifies Savarkar, president of the Hindu Mahasabha, but remains studiously silent on Savarkar’s expounding of the theory of Hindus and Muslims being two separate, irreconcilable nations, and so on.

As can be expected, Mittal lambastes the Muslim League for its communal politics, but spares the Hindu Mahasabha any critique. He also deliberately ignores the role of many Muslims in the movement for Indian independence, with all Muslims appearing to be portrayed as separatists. While the Muslim League and the communists are bitterly criticised for their opposition to the Quit India movement, the Hindu Mahasabha’s similar stance is completely ignored. So, too, is the Hindu Mahasabha’s role in fomenting Hindu-Muslim conflict.

Students could be forgiven if they imagined, from studying this book, that Hindu chauvinists had nothing at all to do with the Partition of India, for here they are presented as ardent patriots and inspired fighters for India’s freedom, an image that has no bearing whatsoever with the facts of actual history.

Another intriguing aspect of the new NCERT history texts is large-scale, unacknowledged plagiarism. A history text, titled ‘Contemporary World History’, authored by two little known writers, Mohammad Anwar ul-Haque and Pratyusa Mandal, lifts entire passages from an American book throughout its various chapters. NCERT director JS Rajput termed the book as a ‘marvel of 21st century scholarship’, and when confronted with evidence of blatant stealing from the American book denied that any irregularity had occurred. All he could say in his defence was that the views of the authors of the two books simply happened to coincide!

Unabashed plagiarism is also evident in some other new NCERT texts. ‘Modern India’ has entire chunks from RC Majumdar’s classic ‘History and Culture of Indian People’. ‘Ancient India’ lifts entire paragraphs from Romila Thapar’s ‘History of India’.

Many of these texts are replete with grossly incorrect statements about places, dates and events. They also seem to have been carefully doctored in order to suppress ‘inconvenient’ facts and to promote the Hindutva agenda. Thus, Makkhan Lal’s book ‘Ancient Indian History’ deletes from the earlier text references to beef-eating and cattle-sacrifice in Vedic times, clear evidence of Brahminical hostility towards the Buddhist Emperor Ashok, and mention of oppressive aspects of the caste system.

The pre-Islamic past is thus presented in such a way as to gloss over the oppression of the ‘low’ castes. Thus, the book claims, contrary to all that we know of the cruel subjugation of the Dalits and Shudras by the Brahmins, that ‘education was provided free with food and lodging’, and that ‘the ancient Indian education system was thought to be unique by foreign travellers because every village had a school and every individual participated in its maintenance’. ‘As a result’, Lal falsely claims, ‘India had the highest literacy rate in comparison to other countries of the world till the time up to the nineteenth century’.

Lal’s clumsy language could be excused, but not so his blatant concoction of ‘facts’, completely ignoring the fact that non-Brahmins, accounting for the vast majority of the ‘Hindu’ population, were sternly forbidden by the Brahmins and their scriptures from any sort of education. That attitude still persists in large parts of the country.

No one concerned with the state of Indian education can afford to remain silent at the conscious manipulation of history by the NCERT, the country’s apex educational body. If ignored, the Hindutva brigade will have produced an entire generation of students ignorant of India’s past and filled with a burning sense of hatred against other communities — a sure recipe for civil strife on a massive scale.

The writer is post-doctoral fellow at the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, Leiden. He also edits a web-magazine called Qalandar, which can be accessed at islaminterfaith.org

Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan

 

[Flintlock]

Indian School Textbooks to Be Scrapped Because of Anti Muslim Bias

India's new government is poised to rewrite the history taught to the nation's schoolchildren after a panel of eminent historians recommended scrapping textbooks written by scholars hand-picked by the previous Hindu nationalist administration.

Hundreds of thousands of textbooks are likely to be scrapped by the National Council of Educational Research and Training, the central government body that sets the national curriculum for students up to 18.

The move, one of the first made by the new Congress led government, will strongly signal a departure from the programme of its predecessor.

The "saffronisation" of history, say critics of the last government, depicted India's Muslim rulers as barbarous invaders and the medieval period as a dark age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu empire that preceded it.

Memorably, one textbook claimed that the Taj Mahal, the Qu'tb Minar and the Red Fort, three of India's outstanding examples of Islamic architecture, were designed and commissioned by Hindus.

Most controversial was the book History of India, by the country's foremost historian, Romila Thapar. This concluded that the "Aryans", venerated by the Hindu right as indigenous geniuses who created the Indus Valley civilisation, were nomadic tribes who spread from the Middle East.

Ms Thapar was removed from the Indian Council for Historical Research less than three months after the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) took power in 1999.

There has also been much criticism of the way that the pernicious effects of the caste system had been downplayed and that practices now considered anathema to religious Hindus but once widespread, such as beef eating, had simply been erased from history books.

The three-member panel of historians examining the "inadequacies" of history textbooks recommended the "discontinuation" of their use in the national syllabus.

After submitting a report to India's education minister, Professor S Settar, a distinguished historian of ancient India, told reporters: "We found it not advisable to continue (with these books)."

The government will decide early next month to what extent it will accept the academics' verdict, but as it has stressed that it will seek to reach out to minorities, it is expected to implement Prof Settar's report in full.

Hindu nationalists have long sought to overturn the conventional view of Indian culture - that it developed through mass migrations and trade links with neighbouring empires.

Instead, religious revivalists wanted to emphasise the uniqueness of Hinduism and its resilience to "foreign" invasion. Many on the Hindu right are furious that their revisionist interpretation of history is now being revised, blaming the influence of "leftists and Marxists".

"If highlighting only Muslim rule in India as a gift to humanity, and dismissing the pre-Muslim period as a dark age, amounts to history, we are against that sort of history," said Seshadri Chari, former editor of Organizer, house organ of the BJP.

However, more traditional academics are scathing about the previous government's acts, saying they amounted to little more than vandalism.

Professor Arjun Dev, author of a textbook "updated" by the last government, said the changes were belated. "The government did not need experts to tell them history had been rendered false. It was so clumsily done that awkward facts, like the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi by a Hindu nationalist in 1948, were simply left out of some textbooks."

By Guardian Unlimited © Copyright Guardian Newspapers 2008
Published: 6/25/2004

 

[AgNoStiC MuSliM]

Stealth:

Thanks for posting that.

What is the status of removing the revisionist textbooks at this point? Was the process completed?

I would like to point out that there are senior Indian members on this forum who still articulate exactly those points of view that were considered distortions of history in the textbooks, and these are issues that are contentious due to large Muslim and Chrisitna minorities in India, who have a certain political clout - who knows how distorted less contentious history (within India) as it relates to Pakistan is.

Comments about the millions of Muslims being "elites and egoists" for desiring a nation of their own do not reflect very highly on what might be taught, and the impact of such subtle and not so subtle denigration of Pakistan and Pakistanis in the Indian psyche (if that is the case) does not bode well.

 

[AgNoStiC MuSliM]

Apparently other Hindu activists have not given up on Hindu revisionism of history.

Hindus and Sikhs Protest Curriculum Changes in Calif. Textbooks

News Report, Viji Sundaram,
India West, Dec 02, 2005
Some Hindu and Sikh activists in the U.S. who have been trying in recent months to persuade the California Board of Education to adopt curriculum revisions in textbooks for elementary and middle school students say they are unhappy over the direction their efforts seem to have taken while on the home stretch.

A clutch of academics and historians, who have just recently joined the debate, seems to have neutralized the gains the activists believe they had made. The academics weighed in with their views Nov. 8, which collectively dismiss many of the curriculum changes suggested over the past year by individual Hindus, as well as such organizations as the Vedic Foundation and the Hindu Education Society.

For example, one of the statements Hindu activists want deleted from a social science book is that Aryans were a "part of a larger group of people historians refer to as the Indo-Europeans."

The activists assert Aryans were not a race, but a term for persons of noble intellect. The academics have urged that this statement not be removed.

In that same book, Hindu activists want the statement, "Men had many more rights than women," replaced with, "Men had different duties (dharma) as well as rights than women. Many women were among the sages to whom the Vedas were revealed."

The response from the academics? "Do not change original text."

Writing on behalf of the academics, Michael Witzel, a Sanskrit professor at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., asserted that the groups proposing the changes have a hidden agenda.

"The proposed revisions are not of a scholarly but of a religious-political nature, and are primarily promoted by Hindutva supporters and non-specialist academics writing about issues far outside their area of expertise," Witzel wrote to CBE president Ruth Green in the letter.

Among the 45 or so signatories to his letter are Stanley Wolpert, professor of history at UCLA, and Romila Thapar, India's well-known historian.

Witzel also said that in the last two years, Indian educators themselves have "soundly repudiated" similar revisions in Indian history textbooks suggested by Hindu groups.

The CBE has included the recommendations by Witzel and other academics who have co-signed his letter, under the heading, "Final Recommendations," which seems to suggest that its vote later this week would more than likely favor the academics.

"I think the (December) meeting is a mere formality," noted Princeton, N.J., resident Rajiv Malhotra, who participated in the push for reforms. "I think the deck is stacked against Hindus," he told India-West.

Even so, supporters and opponents of reforms are planning to show up in large numbers at the Board of Education office in Sacramento Dec. 1 and 2, when the curriculum commission is slated to vote on the suggested changes.

Supporters are hoping to make a last ditch effort to have their voices heard. They say it is crucial that the CBE accepts their suggestions if students are to get a proper perspective of Indian culture and history.

"The social science and history textbooks do not give as generous a portrayal of Indian culture as they do of Islamic, Jewish and Christian cultures," asserted Malhotra, founder of Infinity Foundation, an organization that is trying to give a "fair" portrayal of India in the U.S. "The Board of Education needs to have a standard that should be applied to all religions."

"There's a Euro-centric slant to what's being taught in California classrooms," noted San Francisco Bay Area resident Mona Vijaykar to India-West. "I'm upset that India's contribution to modern civilization is not highlighted, and presented like European civilization is."

Vijaykar runs the "India in Classrooms" program she launched two years ago in the San Francisco Bay Area to set right misconceptions teachers and students have about Indian history and culture.

And Prof. Onkar S. Bindra, who teaches Indian studies at the Renaissance Society, a retirement learning facility at California State University in Sacramento, complained that most of the social science and history books have no mention about the contributions Sikhs have made in their homeland or in their adopted country.

"There are 200,000 Sikhs in California, a significant enough number to deserve mention in California textbooks," Bindra told India-West.

One reason the protests of Hindu and Sikh activists may well be brushed off by the CBE is the fact that there is little sign that these demands have resonated either within the broader Indian American community in California, or the substantial number of humanities experts of Indian descent in U.S. academia.

With several hundred thousand Indian Americans in the state, none of the major community organizations has expressed any support. Witzel's letter, on the other hand, includes signatories like Harvard professor Homi Bhabha, University of Michigan professor Madhav Deshpande, in addition to Thapar, arguably one of the world's most respected experts in ancient Indian history.

Every six years, the CBE meets with textbook publishers for possible revisions.

The books are then sent to all the educational institutions in the 50 counties in the state so educators and parents can offer suggestions.

The CBE began the elaborate revision process about one year ago. Since then, it has been reviewing the suggested changes, including those it received at public hearings it held.

At one of those hearings in November, for nearly five hours the 13-member CBE board heard members of the Hindu and Sikh communities put forth their arguments for changes. Most said they felt slighted by the materials in the textbooks.

Vijaykar told India-West that a social science textbook depicted a Hindu bride as sitting with a white sheet pulled over her head in front of a sacred fire, as if "she was weighed down by the sheet." And brides in India don't wear white, only widows do, she said.

"Hinduism is not treated with the same respect as Christianity or Judaism," Dr. Mihir Meghani, president of the Hindu American Foundation, told the board. Unlike in those faiths, "the sacred scriptures of Hinduism are referred to as legends or myths."

Bindra, among other Sikh speakers that day, told the board that the existing textbooks will not help elementary and middle school students in identifying with and respecting the Sikh culture, something that is so important, especially after 9/11.

"Students need to know that almost everyone who wears turbans in America are Sikhs from Punjab in India, and they have nothing to do with the Taliban or Osama bin Laden," he said.

Among the Hindu groups trying to push for curriculum changes are the Vedic Foundation and the Hindu Education Foundation.

Trying to get more Hindus involved in what it called the "Curriculum Reform Initiative," the Vedic Foundation cited a passage in one of the existing textbooks that spoke of Hanuman in a frivolous manner. The foundation pointed out that "teachings such as these promote the rejection of a valuable spiritual and cultural tradition by Hindu youth."

But the issue has also pitted one group of Indian Americans against some others. Leftist and political activist Angana Chatterji, who teaches at the San Francisco-based California Institute of Integral Studies, told India-West that like Witzel and his supporters, she believes that those pushing for curriculum changes in the history books are "Hindu nationalists," and the changes they are proposing are "not ethical."

For example, she said, those pushing for reforms want India to be portrayed as a former "Hindu state."

"I agree some parts of the curriculum require re-representation," Chatterji said, but quickly noted: "History isn't about how good we feel about ourselves. There's a difference between history and nationalism."

Former deputy superintendent of the San Mateo and Foster City school districts Dr. Rajendra Prasad, who once served on a math textbook evaluation committee, felt that some of the demands of the Hindu organizations were a stretch -- asking that the history textbooks say that Ram Rajya lasted for 1.8 million years, for one.

"A scientific mind is not going to accept that," Prasad said, pointing out, however, that depicting brides in the manner described by Vijaykar needs to be corrected.

He defended the CBE's curriculum revision modus operandi as "fair and just."

"They are not prejudiced people," Prasad told India-West, noting that CBE members take their responsibilities very seriously because "they realize that if they screw up in California, the rest of the nation will be screwed."

California is the largest purchaser of textbooks and, therefore, educational publishers are careful to win approval from the CBE.

"The trend has always been that whatever California adopts, most of the rest of the nation adopts," Prasad said.

Pacific News Service > News > Hindus and Sikhs Protest Curriculum Changes in Calif. Textbooks

 

[Logic note]

Dear AM

Till Now Indian History was in control of Communist and every ideology was propogated by them including Aryan Invasion theory .
now when People have started questioning that ideology and asked for the facts marxist have started crying .

its a part of regualar questioning process between various ideologies which is normal in any free society .

 

[Vinod2070]

Actually the problem with Indian history books is the opposite of Pakistan.

In an effort to be ultra secular and being dominted by commie writers like Romila Thaper and Irfan Habib, the history taught in schools has been muzzled and made boring to death. All inconvenient incidents (including so many genocides, temple destructions, murders of Sikh Gurus etc.) are just glossed over and it is just a series of dates, events and names that one is supposed to blindly memorize.

I hated history during my school days and thought that it is a naturally boring subject. Only after leaving school could I develop an interest in he subject.

The history needs to be revised and purged of the Commie influence but it should reflect the real history of the land.

 

[never]

what genocides?

 

[UnitedPak]

They seem to focus on history which took place in Pakistan, and belongs to the Pakistani people. I.e Indus Valley, Ghandara and the Arab invasion of Sindh etc.
They should do themselves a favour and pick up a world map. Then they wont have to worry about rewriting history books because the history simply doesnt belong to them in the first place.

 

[Bill Longley]

jai bharat versha
jai hindu rashta

seculerism is a big imperial joke

 

[Spring Onion]

Dear AM

Till Now Indian History was in control of Communist and every ideology was propogated by them including Aryan Invasion theory .
now when People have started questioning that ideology and asked for the facts marxist have started crying .

its a part of regualar questioning process between various ideologies which is normal in any free society .

howcome the minority commies were given that much leaverage by hardcore Indians in the first place.

Secondly i just want to ask what is the the opinion of majority hindus now about the Aryan invasion ? do they think that the theory is false ???

 

[indiapakistanfriendship]

howcome the minority commies were given that much leaverage by hardcore Indians in the first place.

Err most of them hail from JNU (Jawharlal Nehru University) the seat of communist student and intellectual movement in India , It is a premier institution and most of them end up in high places.

Secondly i just want to ask what is the the opinion of majority hindus now about the Aryan invasion ? do they think that the theory is false ???

Frankly Hinduism as a way of life has long since vanished in modern India Hindus nowadays practise their religion according to their individual interest therefore most of them dont show a keen interest in history or about Hindu litreature , heck I daresay most of the Indians would not know about Aryan and Dravidian race in the first place according to them anyone who is a north Indian is an Aryan and anyone who is a south Indian is a Dravidian or a Madrasi. This is from laymans point of view.

 

[AgNoStiC MuSliM]

Actually the problem with Indian history books is the opposite of Pakistan.

In an effort to be ultra secular and being dominted by commie writers like Romila Thaper and Irfan Habib, the history taught in schools has been muzzled and made boring to death. All inconvenient incidents (including so many genocides, temple destructions, murders of Sikh Gurus etc.) are just glossed over and it is just a series of dates, events and names that one is supposed to blindly memorize.

I hated history during my school days and thought that it is a naturally boring subject. Only after leaving school could I develop an interest in he subject.

The history needs to be revised and purged of the Commie influence but it should reflect the real history of the land.

The opposite of Pakistan except in the case of the government that introduced the distortions mentioned in these articles. And Pakistan has had its own commissions study the syllabus and recommend similar revisions. As far as I know the new syllabus is supposed to come out this year, we'll have to wait and see what the new government does with the proposals of reform in the syllabus, if they ever get around the "restoration of judges" issue.

I am not sure if my earlier question was answered, but did the textbooks considered "distorted" get removed, or is the process still being implemented/waiting to be implemented?

 

[Logic note]

howcome the minority commies were given that much leaverage by hardcore Indians in the first place.

Power is not about numbers .. its about position ...
unfortunately those were times when communism was in fashion ..

Secondly i just want to ask what is the the opinion of majority hindus now about the Aryan invasion ? do they think that the theory is false ???

Aryan Invasion is a Theory ..Propogated by westerners who couldnt digest that black and brown indians could develop a civilisation hence they propogated the theory that it was white aryan who gave knoweldge and civilisation


The latest archeological and historic evidence and the emergence of molecular biology clearly show that the Aryan Race theory is false and just a concoction of the Europeans, who have been obsessed for the last several centuries with racism and a superiority complex based on it (See; IDEAS OF RACE IN SCIENCE by Nancy Stepan, Professor, Yale university, USA, 1982). Concoction of the Aryan Race was an attempt by these racists to show that it was only the Europeans who went to different parts of the world and developed all the civilization there. However, this is changing. Mr. David Frawley, who is a well known authority on the suject and has written many books and articles, describes the current situation on the suject in the following article: INDIAN HISTORY REVISITED by David Frawley

The Myth of the Aryan Invavsion of India

hitXP - The Myth of Aryan Invasion Theory

 

[Vinod2070]

what genocides?

How about the genocides by Timur lame and Nadir Shah for a start?

How do you think the Hindu/Budhhist culture get so totally wiped out from Afghanistan/Pakistan? Was it all without any violence/genocides?

Why are there no Zoroastrians left in Iran? Did they leave Persia and seek refuge in India voluntarily?

Almost 50% of today's Muslims had Hindu ancestors. I can tell you most of them did not convert voluntarily! Why don't people convert now in such large numbers? Because they can no longer be forced on pain of death or discrimination!