What's new

Energy Projects...Updates

PUNJAB . Balloki Power Plant ..... 1223 MW

Cooling Tower



Switch Yard Area



Control House Building



Night View of Switch Yard Area





Outfall Structure




Control Room of CCR Building



Working on internal roads of plant




Concrete pouring for administration building








Working on Plant Drainage Trench



Cooling Tower

_
 
.
Siemens to Supply Equipment for Punjab Power Plant in Jhang

Siemens.jpg


Siemens, a global powerhouse in electronics and electrical engineering, will supply a complete power island solution for construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) power plant in Jhang, about 250 km south-west of Lahore.

The agreement for the purpose was signed between the Punjab Thermal Power Limited (PTPL), a provincial government owned company responsible for development and maintenance of power plants, and the China Machinery Engineering Corporation (CMEC), the engineering, procurement, and construction contractor for the project.

The power island solution for the Punjab Power Plant to be built in Jhang will comprise two SGT5-8000H gas turbines, an SST-5000 steam turbine, two heat recovery steam generators, and control systems. The cost of the equipment has been valued at around EUR 200 million.

Under the agreement, the German company will also be responsible for engineering, project management and associated site services.

The Punjab Power Plant will be the first in the country to use Siemens’ high-efficiency H-Class gas turbines. SGT-8000H is the company’s largest and most advanced gas turbine in commercial operation. Among its various features are low operating and lifecycle costs.

The company has sold more than 80 H-Class gas turbines worldwide, 47 of which are in commercial operation. The fleet of Siemens H-class gas turbines has achieved about 500,000 fired hours.
 
.
24862547_1351816108279417_1334072499426534513_n.jpg

_

Siemens to equip 140 MW of solar parks in Pakistan, Brazil

German industrial major Siemens (ETR:SIE) said today it has won an order for the turnkey electrical equipment and installation of two solar power plants in Brazil and Pakistan totalling 140 MW.

Turkish company Zorlu Enerji Holding has contracted Siemens and its partner Wind & Sun Technologies SL (WSTECH) to provide transformers and medium voltage switchgear (RMUs) along with 5-MW solar inverters for the 100-MW photovoltaic (PV) project in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Siemens will install the components and hook the solar farm to the local power grid.

A similar deal was signed with Quebec Engenharia, which is developing a 38-MW solar project in northeastern Brazil. Siemens is supplying seven 4.36-MW inverter stations for this project.

Both plants are seen to go online in early 2018. The facility in Pakistan is expected to be expanded to 300 MW in the future.
 
.
969 MW Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project in AJK, has been 96% completed.

The first unit of the project is scheduled to go into operation by end February 2018 followed by the second.













 
.
RLNG fired Bhikki Power Plant will start running on its installed capacity (1156 MW net and 1180 MW gross) by the end of this month.

Sheikhupura


24909941_1357027967758231_8127278576048684276_n.jpg





24910035_1357028111091550_6355740177511964063_n.jpg




24910121_1357028261091535_8970695126243919004_n.jpg
 
.
PM Abbasi inaugurated 147 MW of Patrind Hydropower in AJK

This project has been completed at a cost of Rs 35 Billion, constructed on River Kunhar edging Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) by Star Hydro Power Limited Company of Korea.
The electricity obtained by this project will be incorporated to National Grid Station through the grid station of Muzaffarabad.







 
. . .
World Bank grants $ 825 mln loan to improve power transmission system


l_258570_065225_updates.jpg




ISLAMABAD: The World Bank approved a package of $825 million to improve the national power transmission system and help the government overcome financial management inefficiencies.

“The $425 million National Transmission Modernization Project-I (NTMP-I) will modernise the national transmission system to enable new power generation to reach consumers by upgrading, expanding and rehabilitating selected 500kV (kilovolt) and 220kV substations and transmission lines,” the Bank’s statement said.

NTMP-I will improve supply reliability and lower losses in the transmission network. The project will also modernise the information and communication technology infrastructure and strengthen financial and accounting systems of the National Transmission and Dispatch Company using information technology. The project aims at improving operational efficiency and business decision-making processes, leading to higher productivity and upgraded staff skills.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, part of the World Bank Group that lends to credit-worthy low and middle income countries financed NTMP. It is a fixed-spread loan with a maturity of 21 years, including a grace period of six years.

“With a substantial volume of new generation now coming online, the strengthening of the transmission and distribution systems is critical,” the statement quoted Illango Patchamuthu, country director for Pakistan at World Bank as saying. “The improved power supply will help meet the unserved demand from consumers and reduce the number and duration of power outages.”

Government officials said approximately 10,000 megawatts of electricity would be added to the system during the next year.

Another $400 million public financial management reform program by the World Bank will address challenges in public financial management through the enactment of a robust public finance management law, which will lead to decentralisation of payment and empower the frontline service delivery managers.

The International Development Association, the World Bank’s fund for the poor, financed the PFM reform program with a maturity of 25 years, including a grace period of five years.

The program will also focus on strong cash management, timely and comprehensive reporting, improved federal-provincial coordination, timely release of funds, streamlined payroll and pension systems, efficient and transparent procurement, and user-friendly reports for citizen engagement.
 
.
KARACHI: Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Friday performed the groundbreaking for upgradation of Rs 15 billion White Oil Pipeline that would provide uninterrupted petrol and diesel supply upcountry in a cost-effective and efficient manner.

The mega infrastructure project owned by Pak Arab Pipeline Company Limited (PAPCO) would pump diesel and petrol to central Pakistan, which has a demand for almost 60 per cent of the total petroleum consumption in the country. The transportation capacity of the 26 inches diameter pipeline system is 8 million tonnes per year, which can be enhanced up to 12 million tonnes per year. The project would provide additional strategic product storage of about 221,000 tonnes.

The joint venture company, Pak-Arab Pipeline Company Ltd. (PAPCO) was created for implementation of the 786 km White Oil Pipeline Project (WOPP) from Port Qasim near Karachi and terminates at Mahmood Kot near Muzaffargarh. It has three pumping stations and terminal stations at Port Qasim, Shikarpur and Mahmood Kot.

PARCO has a 51 per cent majority share in PAPCO while Shell, PSO and TOTAL PARCO Marketing Limited have 26 per cent, 12 per cent and 11 per cent shares in equity respectively.

The project would help transport oil at a fast rate, up the country, by cutting out on delays caused by road closures, accidents and minimal environmental impact. The White Oil Pipeline would also reduce movement of thousands of trucks operating out of Kemari to Mehmoodkot and back. The cost of transportation from Karachi to Mahmood kot would be cut by half and bring in efficiency, safety, reliability and improvement in the logistics system besides reduction in degradation of road infrastructure.
 
.
Alongside coal mining project, 2X330 mw power generation plants are coming up very fast at Thar, which will be commissioned in 2019 to supply electricity. After completion of Sahiwal and Port Qasim plants now Thar and HUBCO plants progressing fast.

25995055_10154995862626078_3077624024589509134_n.jpg


25550219_10154995862601078_582354811581299974_n.jpg


25659298_10154995862551078_6273417808282802568_n.jpg


25591666_10154995862521078_8827977178070580920_n.jpg

__
 
. .
GE's flagship turbines are having a host of problems in Pakistan — and they could be a troubling sign for the Guinness World Record-breaking product around the world

  • Drazen Jorgic and Henning Gloystein, Reuters
  • Dec. 27, 2017, 8:50 AM
  • 8,297
  • FACEBOOK
  • LINKEDIN
  • TWITTER
  • EMAIL
  • DisclaimerGet real-time GE charts here »

    • General Electric's flagship gas turbines in Pakistan are producing power at levels well below their capacity.
    • A JPMorgan analyst warned the Pakistan problems could re-emerge in other plants around the world, where GE has already "sold" 30 units.
    • GE dismissed criticism, saying the turbines were merely experiencing setup challenges.
    • But the problem could be another setback in a year of plunging stock and "horrible" third-quarter results for the company.

    ISLAMABAD/SINGAPORE (Reuters) - General Electric's flagship gas turbines ran into problems in Pakistan earlier this year, leading to delays and lengthy outages at three newly built power stations, according to several senior Pakistani officials and power executives.

    GE has said they were teething problems. But the questions over one of its most important products suggest another setback for the company in a year in which its shares have plunged and third-quarter results were called "horrible" by new Chief Executive John Flannery. GE is now undergoing major restructuring.

    There is no evidence that GE's 9HA-Class turbines have fundamental design flaws.

    But so far the Pakistani plants, which began running this year, are producing power at levels well below their capacity and the problem was acute in the crucial summer months, when temperatures in the country frequently exceed 40 degrees Celsius (104°F).

    Data from Pakistan's Central Power Purchasing Agency, seen by Reuters, showed the Bhikki, Haveli and Balloki plants jointly generated only a half of their current maximum capacity in August.

    A month later all three plants showed improved output but remained well below capacity. Reuters was unable to review more recent data.

    "It had terrible consequences because we lost a lot of power which would have come to the grid during the peak summer," Yousaf Naseem Khokhar, the top civil servant in the Energy Ministry's power division, told Reuters.

    It is now up to General Electric to rise to the challenge and to take care of these issues ... before next summer starts.
    "It is now up to General Electric to rise to the challenge and to take care of these issues ... before next summer starts," he said.

    In a statement sent to Reuters, GE said "every commercial HA site today is demonstrating exceptional performance levels for both output and efficiency".

    On the issues in Pakistan, GE said: "We've encountered and communicated openly about launch challenges and readily resolved issues during this time. It's important to note that challenges are common with power plants of this size and complexity during the commissioning and early operations phase."

    GE also said in a separate statement that the three plants are expected to deliver enough power to supply the equivalent of 7.3 million Pakistani homes over their 30-plus-year life cycle, and that will make a "meaningful difference in the everyday lives of the people of Pakistan."

    The 9HA-class gas turbines, the GE power division's newest and most prestigious product, entered the Guinness World Records last year for efficiency, based on the amount of electricity generated from natural gas at the power plant in Bouchain, France, where it was first put into commercial operation in June last year.

    Both the 9HA and the 7HA turbines — the A stands for air-cooled — are in tough competition with similar products made by Germany's Siemens, Japan's Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems — a joint venture between Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Hitachi — and Italy's state-controlled Ansaldo Energia.

    Flannery said in a GE investor presentation in November that "resolving initial launch issues" with HA class gas turbines would be a future priority.

    A tough year for GE
    reuters%20siemens.png
    REUTERS



    GE's shares have fallen more than 40% this year, and the 125-year-old company announced this month it was cutting 12,000 jobs in its power division, about a fifth of the workforce, to cut costs.

    Operating profit of the power division, once the strongest part of GE's operations, fell 51% in the third quarter against the year-ago period. Flannery said the division, which brought in 28% of GE's revenue last year, was "challenged" but could be turned around in one or two years.

    Pakistan, desperate for additional electricity to avoid crippling blackouts, teamed up with GE to build the power stations at Bhikki, Haveli and Balloki, all in the most populous province Punjab, at breakneck speed.

    GE won the contracts to supply Pakistan with six turbines for the three power plants in 2015, based on the lowest priced deal per megawatt of capacity.

    The first problem was the deliveries were delayed by up to three months and missed some of the summer months this year, several Pakistani officials said. They said they were told the delays happened because a part of the turbine needed further testing.

    The plan was to fire up the turbines in simple cycle mode — delivering around 800 MW per power plant — in the spring of 2017 and then to upgrade to 1,200 MW combined cycle output after the summer.

    The delays infuriated Islamabad, because getting additional power during the summer was a crucial factor ahead of 2018 parliamentary elections.

    One of the two turbines at the Bhikki power plant was delayed by about a month. At the Balloki and Haveli plants, the turbines were delayed by about three months, two senior Pakistani officials aware of the situation said. Then, in early May, a combustion seal leak was detected at one of the turbines at the Bhikki plant.

    To fix this, and to apply the same remedy to the five other turbines, GE airlifted all the units to France for repairs.

    Pakistan's Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, who was then the petroleum minister, told Reuters in July that GE spared no expense to fix the problems.

    "They found the problem, they took out the part, they went back to the vendor, they re-machined them, they came back – all on dedicated transport flights," Abbasi said.

    Turbines offline for 40+ days
    2017-12-27t121208z2lynxmpedbq0ljrtroptp4generalelectric-pakistan.jpg
    Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif listens as experts explain a process of the Haveli Bahadur Shah LNG power plant during the inauguration in Jhang, Pakistan July 7, 2017.REUTERS/Drazen Jorgic



    But that meant one Bhikki turbine was offline for about 40 days and the other for about 50 days. The other two plants had not begun operations at the time, but came online in July and August.

    In a third setback, one of the turbines at the Haveli plant was badly damaged during a power outage three weeks after it was inaugurated in July, the Pakistani officials said.

    At such times, batteries and a generator act as back-ups to ensure a pump continues to push lube oil into the turbine.

    "Both didn't work," said one of the Pakistani officials, adding the diesel generator had no fuel. The turbine crashed, with damage estimated at $33 million, and although it was refitted with a new rotor by GE, it is still to resume operations.

    The power station is being built by China's SEPCOIII Electric Power Construction Corporation. SEPCOIII did not return queries for comment.

    "GE and SEPCOIII are working together to determine the cause behind the loss of functionality of the planned backup power system," GE said in a statement.

    A senior Pakistani official in Islamabad said the delays and outages had cast GE in a bad light.

    Frankly speaking, they have lost a lot of credibility here in the government because of these plants.
    "Frankly speaking, they have lost a lot of credibility here in the government because of these plants," the official said.

    In September, Pakistan awarded its most recent power contract to Siemens, after bidding by several companies, including GE.

    Stephen Tusa, an analyst at JPMorgan in New York, wrote in a recent note that although GE has assured investors that the Pakistan problems have been resolved, they could re-emerge in other plants around the world.

    "The risk is that if these issues are not remedied, GE has already 'sold' another around 30 units (around 10 plus of which are in operation), some of which are at higher output ratings," he wrote.

    "Remedies would have to be applied up the curve, something we view as a challenge, especially as senior management tries to cut costs aggressively. Stay tuned."

    Forced outages elsewhere
    rtx2aym7.jpg
    Electrical power pylons of high-tension electricity power lines are seen next to the EDF power plant in Bouchain, near Valenciennes, France, April 20, 2016.REUTERS/Pascal Rossignol



    Not everyone is complaining, even when performance isn't perfect.

    In France, the Bouchain plant suffered 26 forced outages in the 15 months ending November, according to data published by operator Electricite de France (EDF).

    Despite these unplanned outages, GE and operator EDF, with whom GE has a long-standing alliance, say they are satisfied.

    "The cause of these events varies, and in certain cases a single event has been interpreted as multiple events. It would not be accurate to link this number to HA technology as fewer than 10 of these events were related to the gas turbine," GE and EDF said in a joint statement.

    In a another joint statement, the two said "the Bouchain facility is an example of our HA technology at its very best".

    They added: "During the commissioning and early operations phase, we encountered minor issues that are very typical of what you'd expect with a project of this size, but we worked together to quickly resolve them."
http://www.businessinsider.com/r-in...ised-over-ges-flagship-power-turbines-2017-12
 
.
GE's flagship turbines are having a host of problems in Pakistan — and they could be a troubling sign for the Guinness World Record-breaking product around the world

  • Drazen Jorgic and Henning Gloystein, Reuters
  • Dec. 27, 2017, 8:50 AM
  • 8,297
  • FACEBOOK
  • LINKEDIN
  • TWITTER
  • EMAIL
  • DisclaimerGet real-time GE charts here »
    • General Electric's flagship gas turbines in Pakistan are producing power at levels well below their capacity.
    • A JPMorgan analyst warned the Pakistan problems could re-emerge in other plants around the world, where GE has already "sold" 30 units.
    • GE dismissed criticism, saying the turbines were merely experiencing setup challenges.
    • But the problem could be another setback in a year of plunging stock and "horrible" third-quarter results for the company.

    ISLAMABAD/SINGAPORE (Reuters) - General Electric's flagship gas turbines ran into problems in Pakistan earlier this year, leading to delays and lengthy outages at three newly built power stations, according to several senior Pakistani officials and power executives.

    GE has said they were teething problems. But the questions over one of its most important products suggest another setback for the company in a year in which its shares have plunged and third-quarter results were called "horrible" by new Chief Executive John Flannery. GE is now undergoing major restructuring.

    There is no evidence that GE's 9HA-Class turbines have fundamental design flaws.

    But so far the Pakistani plants, which began running this year, are producing power at levels well below their capacity and the problem was acute in the crucial summer months, when temperatures in the country frequently exceed 40 degrees Celsius (104°F).

    Data from Pakistan's Central Power Purchasing Agency, seen by Reuters, showed the Bhikki, Haveli and Balloki plants jointly generated only a half of their current maximum capacity in August.

    A month later all three plants showed improved output but remained well below capacity. Reuters was unable to review more recent data.

    "It had terrible consequences because we lost a lot of power which would have come to the grid during the peak summer," Yousaf Naseem Khokhar, the top civil servant in the Energy Ministry's power division, told Reuters.

    It is now up to General Electric to rise to the challenge and to take care of these issues ... before next summer starts.
    "It is now up to General Electric to rise to the challenge and to take care of these issues ... before next summer starts," he said.

    In a statement sent to Reuters, GE said "every commercial HA site today is demonstrating exceptional performance levels for both output and efficiency".

    On the issues in Pakistan, GE said: "We've encountered and communicated openly about launch challenges and readily resolved issues during this time. It's important to note that challenges are common with power plants of this size and complexity during the commissioning and early operations phase."

    GE also said in a separate statement that the three plants are expected to deliver enough power to supply the equivalent of 7.3 million Pakistani homes over their 30-plus-year life cycle, and that will make a "meaningful difference in the everyday lives of the people of Pakistan."

    The 9HA-class gas turbines, the GE power division's newest and most prestigious product, entered the Guinness World Records last year for efficiency, based on the amount of electricity generated from natural gas at the power plant in Bouchain, France, where it was first put into commercial operation in June last year.

    Both the 9HA and the 7HA turbines — the A stands for air-cooled — are in tough competition with similar products made by Germany's Siemens, Japan's Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems — a joint venture between Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Hitachi — and Italy's state-controlled Ansaldo Energia.

    Flannery said in a GE investor presentation in November that "resolving initial launch issues" with HA class gas turbines would be a future priority.

    A tough year for GE
    reuters%20siemens.png
    REUTERS



    GE's shares have fallen more than 40% this year, and the 125-year-old company announced this month it was cutting 12,000 jobs in its power division, about a fifth of the workforce, to cut costs.

    Operating profit of the power division, once the strongest part of GE's operations, fell 51% in the third quarter against the year-ago period. Flannery said the division, which brought in 28% of GE's revenue last year, was "challenged" but could be turned around in one or two years.

    Pakistan, desperate for additional electricity to avoid crippling blackouts, teamed up with GE to build the power stations at Bhikki, Haveli and Balloki, all in the most populous province Punjab, at breakneck speed.

    GE won the contracts to supply Pakistan with six turbines for the three power plants in 2015, based on the lowest priced deal per megawatt of capacity.

    The first problem was the deliveries were delayed by up to three months and missed some of the summer months this year, several Pakistani officials said. They said they were told the delays happened because a part of the turbine needed further testing.

    The plan was to fire up the turbines in simple cycle mode — delivering around 800 MW per power plant — in the spring of 2017 and then to upgrade to 1,200 MW combined cycle output after the summer.

    The delays infuriated Islamabad, because getting additional power during the summer was a crucial factor ahead of 2018 parliamentary elections.

    One of the two turbines at the Bhikki power plant was delayed by about a month. At the Balloki and Haveli plants, the turbines were delayed by about three months, two senior Pakistani officials aware of the situation said. Then, in early May, a combustion seal leak was detected at one of the turbines at the Bhikki plant.

    To fix this, and to apply the same remedy to the five other turbines, GE airlifted all the units to France for repairs.

    Pakistan's Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, who was then the petroleum minister, told Reuters in July that GE spared no expense to fix the problems.

    "They found the problem, they took out the part, they went back to the vendor, they re-machined them, they came back – all on dedicated transport flights," Abbasi said.

    Turbines offline for 40+ days
    2017-12-27t121208z2lynxmpedbq0ljrtroptp4generalelectric-pakistan.jpg
    Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif listens as experts explain a process of the Haveli Bahadur Shah LNG power plant during the inauguration in Jhang, Pakistan July 7, 2017.REUTERS/Drazen Jorgic



    But that meant one Bhikki turbine was offline for about 40 days and the other for about 50 days. The other two plants had not begun operations at the time, but came online in July and August.

    In a third setback, one of the turbines at the Haveli plant was badly damaged during a power outage three weeks after it was inaugurated in July, the Pakistani officials said.

    At such times, batteries and a generator act as back-ups to ensure a pump continues to push lube oil into the turbine.

    "Both didn't work," said one of the Pakistani officials, adding the diesel generator had no fuel. The turbine crashed, with damage estimated at $33 million, and although it was refitted with a new rotor by GE, it is still to resume operations.

    The power station is being built by China's SEPCOIII Electric Power Construction Corporation. SEPCOIII did not return queries for comment.

    "GE and SEPCOIII are working together to determine the cause behind the loss of functionality of the planned backup power system," GE said in a statement.

    A senior Pakistani official in Islamabad said the delays and outages had cast GE in a bad light.

    Frankly speaking, they have lost a lot of credibility here in the government because of these plants.
    "Frankly speaking, they have lost a lot of credibility here in the government because of these plants," the official said.

    In September, Pakistan awarded its most recent power contract to Siemens, after bidding by several companies, including GE.

    Stephen Tusa, an analyst at JPMorgan in New York, wrote in a recent note that although GE has assured investors that the Pakistan problems have been resolved, they could re-emerge in other plants around the world.

    "The risk is that if these issues are not remedied, GE has already 'sold' another around 30 units (around 10 plus of which are in operation), some of which are at higher output ratings," he wrote.

    "Remedies would have to be applied up the curve, something we view as a challenge, especially as senior management tries to cut costs aggressively. Stay tuned."

    Forced outages elsewhere
    rtx2aym7.jpg
    Electrical power pylons of high-tension electricity power lines are seen next to the EDF power plant in Bouchain, near Valenciennes, France, April 20, 2016.REUTERS/Pascal Rossignol



    Not everyone is complaining, even when performance isn't perfect.

    In France, the Bouchain plant suffered 26 forced outages in the 15 months ending November, according to data published by operator Electricite de France (EDF).

    Despite these unplanned outages, GE and operator EDF, with whom GE has a long-standing alliance, say they are satisfied.

    "The cause of these events varies, and in certain cases a single event has been interpreted as multiple events. It would not be accurate to link this number to HA technology as fewer than 10 of these events were related to the gas turbine," GE and EDF said in a joint statement.

    In a another joint statement, the two said "the Bouchain facility is an example of our HA technology at its very best".

    They added: "During the commissioning and early operations phase, we encountered minor issues that are very typical of what you'd expect with a project of this size, but we worked together to quickly resolve them."
http://www.businessinsider.com/r-in...ised-over-ges-flagship-power-turbines-2017-12


American quality isnt what it used to be... should have gone with europan, japanese, or even chinese turbines!
 
.
Neelum-Jhelum enters final stage

1595472-hydropowerstationinsouthwestchinastibetregionafp-1514521148-405-640x480.gif


LAHORE:
The 969-megawatt (MW) Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project – a hydel power generating scheme of strategic importance – is in its final stage of completion, a press release issued by the Water and Power Development Authority (Wapda) said on Friday.

It further listed completion of dam and start of water filling in the reservoir, completion of water way system comprising 51.5-kilometre long tunnels, installation of turbines, generators, transformers and other electro-mechanical equipment in the powerhouse, and dry testing of electro-mechanical equipment, as the infrastructural operational ‘milestones’ achieved.

The first unit of the project is scheduled to go into operation by end February 2018 followed by the second unit in mid-March and third and fourth units in April 2018. On its completion, the project will contribute about five billion units of electricity to the national grid annually. Annual revenue of the project is estimated to be Rs50 billion.



26001364_381403898979989_2151133293501668703_n.jpg


26169624_381403895646656_7391188005036646851_n.jpg


26168722_381403818979997_5476022024337471454_n.jpg


26167516_381403805646665_8792324997028753944_n.jpg












 
.

Pakistan Defence Latest Posts

Pakistan Affairs Latest Posts

Back
Top Bottom