Casspir MPV (Mine Protected Vehicle) in used by Pak Army in tribal areas
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acetophenol
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Thats one more in common with Indian forces and Pak forces.
Jango
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fatman17
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i dont have info like link to article etc, but some 'used' vehicles were purchased to be used by the FC but it seems that the army is also using it. to what extent in numbers they are available is not known. i'm assuming 20-30 vehicles were purchased.
acetophenol
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Id the gun pls,I have seen the same in Def.pk homepage too.
fatman17
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Wheel appeal: Armoured vehicles part one - Protected mobility platforms.
Last posted:
2008-06-23
Wheeled armoured vehicles are being procured in large numbers worldwide. Christopher F Foss looks at recent newcomers to the market, while Nathan Hodge reviews the US Joint Light Tactical Vehicle programme
As a result of the high losses in personnel and unarmoured wheeled vehicles, there has been a major push in a number of countries towards the design, development and procurement of protected mobility vehicles.
Not only must these vehicles provide protection from small-arms fire and shell splinters but also anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
The latter have over the past two years been the number one threat in Afghanistan and Iraq and all too often have resulted in the total loss of a vehicle and its valuable crew.
To counter this threat new fleets of wheeled armoured vehicles are being procured, with the US by far the largest user, already rapidly fielding a whole series of mine-resistant ambush-protected (MRAP) vehicles.
These are being procured from a number of contractors in the US and overseas in 4 x 4 and 6 x 6 configurations. Some of these are based on modified truck chassis fitted with an armoured body while others have a monocoque hull. Most of these have a V-shaped hull although there are also other configurations to help reduce the mine and IED threat.
Most of these vehicles have an all-steel armour baseline protection package to which applique armour is added for enhanced protection. Much of this applique armour is provided to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) by a subcontractor.
Many of these armour specialists are also often involved in the design of some elements of the vehicle owing to their extensive experience in armour technology using various types of materials.
Many of the recently deployed vehicles are also fitted with electronic devices to neutralise IEDs; special seats, which are attached to the sides and/or roof of the vehicle for enhanced crew survivability; an air-conditioning system and a roof-mounted remote-controlled weapon station (RCWS).
RCWSs are normally armed with a 7.62 mm or .50 (12.7 mm) machine gun or a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher (AGL). This weapon is laid on to the target using a day/night-sighting system and an increasing number of customers are opting for a laser rangefinder for increased accuracy. A weapon-stabilisation system enables stationary and moving targets to be engaged with a high first round hit probability while the platform is also moving. Often there is a separate competition for the RCWSs, which, in addition to being fitted to protected mobility vehicles, are fitted to other armoured vehicles such as armoured personnel carriers (APCs).
While a number of new contractors have recently entered the protected mobility market, South Africa has considerable experience in the design, development and production of this type of vehicle, based on its extensive operational experience.
The now BAE Systems Land Systems OMC Casspir mine-protected vehicle (MPV) was built in large numbers and remains in service with the South African National Defence Force. In recent years large quantities of Casspir MPVs have been exported with known customers, including Angola, Djibouti, India, Indonesia, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal, Sweden and the US (private contractors in Iraq).
The experience of South African developments in the field of the MPV has often formed the basis of many of the more recently developed protected mobility vehicles being fielded. While there is no hard and fast definition as to what a 'protected mobility' platform is, this supplement covers some of the more recent protected mobility vehicles - although there are a number of other vehicles that are either at the prototype stage, being offered on the world market or are in production.
These new vehicles are replacing either unarmoured vehicles or vehicles with applique armour added as a result of combat experience. In most cases these new vehicles are not only larger but are also much more expensive to procure and operate but this is a price many countries consider worth paying to reduce casualties.
Australia
Thales Australia Bushmaster
The Bushmaster infantry mobility vehicle (IMV) was originally developed to meet the specific operational requirements of the Australian Army for an armoured vehicle capable of transporting troops and their equipment over long distances so that they arrived in a ready-to-fight condition. The Bushmaster has a maximum road speed of about 100 km/h and an operating range of up to 800 km.
The all-welded armoured steel monocoque hull of the Bushmaster is produced to STANAG 4569 Level 1 small-arms fire but mine protection is greater than STANAG 4569 Level 3. The company produces an enhanced range of additional armour packages as well as spall liners.
By the second quarter of 2008 Australia had ordered just over 700 Bushmaster IMVs (including options) with additional sales being made to the Netherlands (46 with deliveries still under way) and more recently the UK (about 24).
The Bushmaster is currently deployed by Australia in Afghanistan and Iraq, and by the Netherlands in Afghanistan. The UK is deploying Bushmaster for an undisclosed role in Afghanistan for which the vehicle is being optimised to meet specific UK requirements, including electronic devices to counter IEDs.
As well as the IMV variant, Australia deploys a number of variants including: ambulance, assault pioneer, command, direct fire weapons and 81 mm mortar carrier. It can be fitted with various weapons, including a .50 (12.7 mm) RCWS towards the front and typically a 5.56 mm or 7.62 mm machine gun at the rear.
For the US market, Thales Australia has teamed with Oshkosh to meet potential US military requirements under the MRAP drive but, apart from two units supplied for trials, there have been no additional sales so far. A Bushmaster in 6 x 6 configuration is currently being studied, which would have a significant increase in volume and payload and enable the vehicle to undertake a wider range of roles.
The latest version of the Bushmaster to be developed is the Copperhead Armoured Logistic Vehicle, the first preproduction vehicle of which was recently completed.
From automotive, maintenance, logistics and user aspects, Copperhead is identical to the standard Bushmaster. There is a flatbed at the rear of the cab on which loads of up to 3.5 tonnes can be carried with a growth potential of up to 5 tonnes.
France
Panhard PVP
Following a competition, the French Delegation Generale pour l'Armament (DGA) selected the Panhard General Defense design to meet its requirement for a Petit Vehicule Protege (PVP), placing a EUR150 million (USD233 million) order for a total of 933 units. Production commenced at the main Panhard General Defense production facility at Morelles in 2007 and the first production vehicles were handed over to the French Army earlier this year.
Production is now running at 15 PVPs a month but, with a built-in surge capacity and, under current contracts, production is due to be completed in 2012.
The engine compartment is protected to STANAG Level I while the crew compartment is protected to STANAG Level 2 (7.62 mm armour piercing). Currently the French Army is fielding two versions: one for troops such as anti-tank teams and the other in a command post role. Standard equipment for the PVP includes an air-conditioning system, central tyre-inflation system and run flat tyres among many options.
To meet the potential requirements of the German Army, Panhard General Defense teamed with Rheinmetall Landsysteme to develop a five-door version with two prototypes completed.
Panhard General Defense has also developed to the prototype stage its AXVL 4 x 4 vehicle with a gross vehicle weight (GVW) of about 8.5 tonnes and the Vehiculo Blindado de Reconocimiento (VBR) 4 x 4 with a GVW of about 9 tonnes. The latter is similar in appearance to the Panhard General Defense Vehicule Blinde Leger (VBL), which has been built in large numbers for the French Army and many export customers.
Germany
The GFF programme
In recent years the German Army has become increasingly involved in out-of-area operations for which many of its existing wheeled vehicles are considered to be unsuitable due to a lack of protection.
Against this background, the German Army drew up requirements for a complete series of new wheeled protected vehicles under the Geschutzte Fuhrungs und Funktionsfahrzeuge or Armoured Command and Control Vehicles (GFF) programme.
This covers four basic vehicles: GFF 1, 2, 3 and 4 with GFF 1 as the lightest and GFF 4 the heaviest. Trials with GFF 1, 2 and 3 have been completed, while trials of GFF 4 are still under way. While some of the vehicles tested were new vehicles others were already in service and the competition was for follow-on buys to meet additional requirements.
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Mungo
The Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Mungo was originally developed to meet the requirements of the German Army's special operations and a total of 388 units have been ordered. The first production Mungo light armoured airborne vehicles have been delivered and final deliveries are due to be made in 2009.
As one of the key German requirements was that the vehicle should be airportable inside a CH-53G transport helicopter, the size and weight of Mungo were kept as compact as possible.The production model provides the occupants with only limited protection against small-arms fire and anti-personnel mines. To meet the GFF1 requirement another version of Mungo was built with a fully protected crew compartment.
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Dingo 2
The Dingo All-Protected Vehicle (APV) was originally developed as a private venture by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and, following trials with prototype vehicles, the German Army took delivery of a total of 147 first-generation Dingo APVs, which are all based on the Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG chassis. These could carry five people, including commander and driver all seated in a well-protected compartment in the middle of the vehicle.
The newest version is the Dingo 2, based on the latest production Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG S-5000 4 x 4 cross-country chassis, which has greater payload and normally carries eight people including commander and driver.
The first production Dingo 2 was delivered late in 2004 to the German Army, which has ordered a total of 201 vehicles, most of which have been delivered. Export sales have been made to Austria (20) and Belgium (220 plus an option on 132), the Czech Republic (4). The vehicle has already been deployed overseas.
More recently Luxembourg has ordered 48 Dingo 2s for use in the protected reconnaissance role with Thales Land & Joint Systems as prime contractor.
The latest version of the Dingo 2 has an armour-protected crew compartment that extends to the rear and has a higher roofline for greater internal volume. This allows this version of the Dingo 2 to be used for a wider range of roles such as ambulance, command post and a nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) reconnaissance vehicle.
Rheinmetall Yak
To meet an urgent operational requirement, Germany placed a contract with Rheinmetall covering the supply of 30 Yak 6 x 6 armoured multirole vehicles in four configurations, which have all now been delivered with some deployed to Afghanistan.
The first four versions deployed were ambulance (12), explosive ordnance disposal (10), military police (4) and Luna unmanned aerial vehicle support (4). The Yak consists of a Swiss Mowag DURO 6 x 6 cross-country chassis, fitted with an armour-protected forward control cab and a fully protected rear body developed by Rheinmetall, which is customised to meet the specific role.
Late in 2005 a second order was placed for 100 Yaks in various configurations and all of these should be delivered by 2009.
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GFF 4
The GFF 4 bridges the gap between the Boxer Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle (MRAV) (of which 272 have been ordered by the German Army) and the lighter GFF 1, 2 and 3 vehicles. Krauss-Maffei Wegmann handed over its GFF 4 vehicle to the Germany Army for extensive trials that are still under way.
This GFF 4 vehicle is based on a fully militarised IVECO Defence Vehicles Trakker 6 x 6 chassis fitted with a monocoque safety cell for the driver as well as the crew compartment, which provides a high level of protection against all threats including IED.
The vehicle has a GVW of 25 tonnes of which 4 tonnes is payload with a built-in growth potential and can be carried inside an A400M transport aircraft. The design of the vehicle is such that it can be adapted for a wide range of specialised roles such as ambulance, cargo carrier or command post.
Standard equipment includes powered steering, automatic transmission, automatic drive-train management, auxiliary power unit (APU), tyre-inflation system and run flat tyres. The vehicle is powered by a 330 kW diesel engine located at the front of the vehicle, which gives a maximum road speed of 90 km/h and an operating range of more than 700 km.
Rheinmetall GFF 4 Wisent
Also competing for the GFF 4 requirement is Rheinmetall, which has built two 8 x 8 vehicles under contract to the German Army called Wisent (Bison).
Wisent is based on a frame-type chassis on which are fitted three key elements. The first is the two-person forward control armour-protected cab that can be tilted forwards for maintenance purposes.
To the rear of this is the technical compartment, which contains the complete diesel powerpack, air-conditioning system, NBC-protection system and RCWS.
The rest of the vehicle is taken up with the removable mission module, which has its own integrated APU, air-conditioning system and NBC system. If required this mission module could be operated as a standalone unit.
The powerpack comprises a MAN six-cylinder diesel developing 324 kW coupled to a fully automatic transmission that gives a maximum road speed of 105 km/h. Independent suspension system gives a high level of cross-country mobility and steering is powered on the front two axles.
As well as providing protection against small-arms fire, shell splinters and mines, the Wisent armour package is also claimed to provide protection against a 50 kg IED, along with a potential longer-term growth to provide protection against a 150 kg IED.
While the first example of Wisent is in the 8 x 8 configuration, a complete family of 6 x 6, 8 x 8 and 10 x 10 vehicles could be developed to meet an expanded range of user requirements using the same basic components.
Armoured Multi Purpose Vehicle
The two largest armoured fighting vehicle contractors in Germany are Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and Rheinmetall Defence, which are usually in direct competition for most German Army vehicle programmes. They do, however, work together on such programmes such as the Boxer MRAV and the Puma armoured infantry fighting vehicle (AIFV).
These two companies have recently announced that they have joined forces to develop, using company funding, a new 4 x 4 vehicle, which they call the Armoured Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV).
The first full-scale mock-up has been completed and was shown for the first time at the recent Eurosatory exhibition in Paris. The first prototype is being built in Kassel and is expected to roll out in the first quarter of 2009.
The AMPV will be a well-protected vehicle in the 5- to 9-tonne class with AMPV 1 the smallest member (which is the vehicle being built) and AMPV 2 the largest.
The two vehicles use the same subsystems and workstations and differ only in height, weight, wheelbase and protection level. The crew compartment will have the highest level of protection and will be provided with spall liners.
Both vehicles will be powered by a 3.2-litre diesel engine coupled to an automatic transmission. Run-flat tyres and independent suspension will be standard for all versions.
The German Army has selected the Swiss Mowag Eagle IV to meet the GFF 2 requirement and the AMPV is aimed at possible follow-on buys for this requirement.
Italy
IVECO Light Multipurpose Vehicle
The Light Multipurpose Vehicle (LMV) was originally developed by IVECO Defence Vehicles as a private venture with the first prototypes being completed in 2001.
All production LMVs have an armour floor panel fitted as standard and are fitted for but not with an applique armour package, although most customers have ordered the vehicle with the full armour package fitted as standard.
In the LMV design, the crew compartment is the armoured citadel in the middle with the front engine compartment and rear load area unprotected. A recent development is to extend the protected area to the rear of the vehicle.
The baseline version of the LMV has a wheelbase of 3.23 m but a long wheel base model has also been developed with a wheelbase of 3.5 m. This is suitable for a wider range of missions such as ambulance and command post vehicle.
Enhanced levels of protection are being developed and trials of the LMV fitted with the IBD active defence system have been successfully completed with incoming rocket-propelled grenades detected and neutralised.
In addition to the Italian Army, which has ordered more than 1,200 vehicles, the LMV has also been ordered by Belgium (440 plus two options each of 90 vehicles), Croatia (10), Germany (two for trials), Norway (25), Spain (initial order for 40) and the UK (401production vehicles).
The prime contractor for the UK vehicles is BAE Systems Land Systems with final integration taking place at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The LMV was selected to meet the British Army requirement for a Command and Liaison Vehicle, which was subsequently called Panther. These are fitted with the Bowman digital communication system and most are also fitted with the Selex Galileo Enforcer RCWS, which is equipped with a 7.62 mm machine gun.
South Africa
BAE Systems Land Systems OMC RG-32M
Further development of the earlier RG-32 Scout, which was aimed at the paramilitary market, resulted in the RG-32M with a higher level of protection and mobility.
The RG-32M consists of a monocoque all-welded steel four-door crew compartment to which the front and rear subframes are attached. The vehicle is also marketed with a protected engine compartment and a protected crew compartment that extends to the rear of the vehicle. The GVW is around 7.5 tonnes for the four-door upgraded version, which has seven seats and can be fitted with various types of RCWS.
Finland has taken delivery of six units with Sweden selecting the RG-32M to meet its requirement for a mine-hardened patrol vehicle. These have a number of improvements to meet Swedish requirements including a new heating and insulation system and a central tyre-inflation system.
Sweden has taken delivery of a total of 200 units with the first order comprising 102 units; the second order is for 98 units. The UN has also taken delivery of nine vehicles.
BAE Systems Land Systems OMC RG-31
This has the traditional V-shaped hull and since it was first introduced has been continuously developed and upgraded as the threat has changed and new technology has matured.
Recent customers have included Canada (50 + 25), the United Arab Emirates and the US (as part of the MRAP programme), which has the RG-31 Mk 5.
The latest version is the RG-31 Mk 6 MPV, which features a longer wheelbase and a wider track, increasing its GVW up to 17 tonnes and internal volume up to 11 m3. This enables it to undertake a wider range of roles as well as having a higher level or survivability.
IVEMA Gila mine- and ballistic-protected vehicle
From late 2005 the South African IVEMA (International Vehicle & Equipment Marketing) company developed the Gila mine- and ballistic-protected (MBPV) for the export market. The first two pre-production vehicles were completed in 2006.
Although similar in concept to the older South African Casspir MPV, Gila is a new design to provide its occupants with a high level of protection against small-arms fire and shell splinters. To reduce overall life-cycle costs wherever possible the Gila uses proven subsystems such as the Daimler Chrysler 215 hp diesel and Allison automatic transmission. GVW depends on the version chosen but is typically around 13.3 tonnes with a maximum road speed of 105 km/h and a road range of up to 700 km. Standard equipment includes an air-conditioning system, powered steering and run flat tyres but, as with all vehicles of this type there are numerous options.
So far at least two undisclosed export customers have placed orders for the Gila and the first production vehicles were completed towards the end of 2007.
Switzerland
Mowag Eagle IV
The Mowag Eagle I, II and III 4 x 4 vehicles were all based on a US-supplied AM General Humvee 4 x 4 chassis with the armour package developed and fitted by Mowag.
Sales of the AM General-based Mowag Eagle were made to Denmark (36 Eagle I) and Switzerland (154 Eagle I, 175 Eagle II and 120 Eagle III).
The current production model is the Eagle IV 4 x 4 based on a Mowag DURO chassis, which has a greater payload, internal volume and higher protection with a maximum GVW of about 8.5 tonnes.
The first customer for the Eagle IV was the Danish Army, which placed a contract for a total of 90 units. The first deliveries, which are now complete, were made late in 2006.
The Danish Eagle IV is fitted with a BAE Systems Bofors Lemur RCWS armed with a .50 (12.7 mm) M2 HB machine gun, which is also installed on a number of other Danish vehicles including its recently acquired Piranha III 8 x 8 APCs.
Following a competition, the German Army selected the Mowag Eagle IV 4 x 4 vehicle to meet its GFF 3 requirement and a contract is expected to be awarded soon.
Following another competition, the vehicles will be fitted with a German Krauss-Maffei Wegmann RCWS, which will also be fitted on a number of other German armoured vehicles.
Mowag DURO III P protected military tactical vehicle
In addition to supplying Rheinmetall with its DURO 6 x 6 chassis, which forms the basis of the Yak 6 x 6 vehicle previously mentioned, Mowag has also produced its own armour-protected versions of this vehicle.
The first vehicles were produced for Switzerland some years ago with the now BAE Systems Protection and Mobility Systems (previously Armor Holdings, Aerospace & Defense Group) providing the armour package.
Today Mowag is marketing the DURO III P vehicle, with the P standing for protected. First customer is the Danish Army, which ordered 29 vehicles under an urgent operational requirement in the armoured ambulance vehicle (AAV) configuration; first deliveries were made in 2007.
Turkey
Otokar Cobra
Otokar is the largest manufacturer of light wheeled armoured vehicles in Turkey and as well as manufacturing a number of internal security vehicles based on the locally built Land Rover Defender 4 x 4 chassis, also builds the Cobra APC.
Cobra has an all-welded steel monocoque hull into which are integrated automotive subsystems of the US AM General Humvee 4 x 4 in its Expanded Capacity Vehicle (ECV) version. The baseline APC typically has a crew of two (commander and driver) and carries 11 fully equipped troops who are provided with firing ports and observation devices. Varying one-person turrets and RCWSs can be fitted including weapons up to 20 mm in calibre.
Cobra is being used for an expanded range of missions. The Armoured Reconnaissance/Surveillance Vehicle is the most advanced in the series and is fitted with extensive communications equipment and a sensor pod on an elevated mast, which can be rapidly raised for additional terrain coverage.
United States
Textron Marine & Land Systems M1117 Guardian
Following a competition, the Textron Marine & Land Systems design was selected for use by the US Army Military Police as the M1117 Armored Security Vehicle (or Guardian).
The first production contract was placed in 1999 and covered the supply of 94 units over a five-year period but by 2004 orders had increased to 132 units.
As a result of operations in Iraq, additional large contracts have been placed and so far the total order book is for 2,140 vehicles. Production is currently running at 48 vehicles a month with about 1,500 units delivered. It is expected that the total US Army requirement for the M1117 ASV and variants will now exceed 3,000 units.
The baseline US Army M1117 is fitted with a one-person turret armed with a 40 mm AGL and a .50 cal (12.7 mm) M2 HB machine gun, but other weapon systems have been fitted.
In addition to the M1117 ASV, the US Army has ordered another version called the M1200 Armored Knight. A total of 595 units are due to be fielded with DRS Technologies as prime contractor.
This system is fitted with an advanced sensor package that includes a laser designator and rangefinder thermal imager, digital command-and-control system and blended inertial/GPS. This is used to locate and designate targets for rapid engagement by field artillery or other weapons.
So far there are two export customers: Iraq has taken delivery of a total of 63 stretched units and more recently Bulgaria has received seven units.
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle
The US Army and US Marine Corps are paving the way for the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), a new generation of light utility vehicles that will eventually replace the widely fielded Humvee. At stake is a contract to design and build a family of light utility vehicles that will incorporate the latest technology in armour protection, propulsion and communications. While the requirements have yet to be finalised, the services could require as many as 40,000 JLTVs in the first stage of the programme. Major international orders are also expected as other militaries upgrade their utility fleets.
The US Department of Defense (DoD) is expected to select as many as three JLTV prototypes in the first stage of the design contest. Bidders submitted proposals for the first round of the JLTV contest in April. The US Army is now reviewing those proposals to decide which companies will proceed to the next level of the JLTV competition. Industry sources told Jane's the selection is expected later this month or early in July.
JLTV is seen as an evolution toward an all-purpose family of vehicles that will incorporate the versatility and off-road mobility of the Humvee and the survivability of the heavier MRAP vehicle.
The US military is currently buying thousands of MRAPs to protect troops in the field, but they are seen as a stopgap measure while the development effort for JLTV gets under way.
Planners envisage a vehicle with baseline armour protection, integrated communications capability and improved mobility. JLTV will have built-in level of survivability, along with capability to add on extra armour depending on the threat level. Several versions of the JLTV with different payload categories are envisaged.
The 'Increment I' JLTV will offer a 1,588 kg payload capability; it will be transportable inside a heavylift rotorcraft. Larger versions of the vehicle will have to be carried externally by helicopter or transported within a C-130 Hercules tactical airlifter.
One of the key design issues for JLTV is the power requirement. The services are interested in a vehicle with greater fuel efficiency and exportable power. The JLTV will need to provide enough power for advanced digital communications gear, jammers and sensors, along with a 'silent watch' capability that will allow operators to run the vehicle's electronics suite with the main engine switched off. However, there have been concerns that hybrid-electric technologies may not be sufficiently mature for the early incarnations of the JLTV. Parts commonality and modularity is another key feature. Military planners want vehicles with a smaller logistics tail and an ability to install new equipment without major modification. Several industry teams have stepped forward to offer JLTV prototypes.
Lockheed Martin has teamed with BAE Systems Mobility & Protection Systems (formerly Armor Holdings), Alcoa Defense and JWF Industries on its Utility Vehicle Light Payload Category C prototype.
With the JLTV programme supposed to yield a family of up to six different vehicle variants with common cabs, chassis and drive trains, Lockheed Martin officials said its vehicle designs would have 90 per cent commonality.
Lockheed Martin has promoted a 'low-risk' approach to JLTV that allows for growth and potential improvements such as hybrid engines; it has also forwarded another JLTV design: the Combat Tactical Vehicle Payload Category B.
BAE Systems unveiled its JLTV prototype in February. The company's 7,260 kg vehicle incorporates design elements from the MRAP vehicle programme, which is a key measure of survivability for the next-generation JLTV. For its bid, BAE Systems has paired with Navistar: the largest single MRAP supplier.
A Northrop Grumman and Oshkosh Corporation design is built around a diesel-electric power train, which has a diesel engine connected to an electronic generator, which powers traction motors that drive each axle. The design is supposed to create a vehicle that eliminates the conventional drive train, allowing designers to craft a more survivable crew compartment.
Raytheon has paired with US security company Blackwater to bid for JLTV. Their JLTV prototype - the Grizzly Mark VI - builds on Raytheon's experience in mission systems integration, along with Blackwater's operational experience in the private security market.
Raytheon will be the prime contractor for their joint JLTV bid, overseeing integration of the command, control, communications and computing suite.
It will also lead power-management design and has forwarded a seating design that incorporates blast-mitigation technology. Blackwater will be responsible for production and basic vehicle design.
In 2007, General Dynamics and AM General announced a partnership for the JLTV in anticipation of a request for proposals. AM General is the manufacturer of the Humvee and General Dynamics is hoping to capitalise on its expertise as a manufacturer of infantry fighting vehicles.
Boeing, Textron and rally car designer MillenWorks have teamed on a parallel hybrid design that would allow their JLTV to run on diesel, electrical power or both.
In addition to 'silent watch' capability that would allow the JLTV to operate without the engine running, their design is supposed to incorporate a 'silent drive' feature that would give the vehicle added stealth in some operational scenarios.
The companies are also hoping to leverage some of the survivability technology that is being developed as part of the US Army's Future Combat Systems modernisation programme, an effort being led by Boeing and Science Applications International Corp.
DRS Sustainment Systems, a unit of defence electronics supplier DRS Technologies, joined with MRAP manufacturer Force Protection to compete for the JLTV.
DRS will be prime contractor for the team and Force Protection will design and produce the JLTV base vehicle and the armour package, leveraging its experience manufacturing the Cougar, Buffalo and Cheetah mine-hardened vehicles.
The future
While large quantities of MRAP/protected-mobility vehicles are being deployed by an increasing number of countries, it remains to be seen how armies can fund equipment for use across a full warfighting spectrum.
While well suited for use in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq, are these vehicles suitable for use in high-intensity military operations?
Christopher F Foss is the Land Consultant, based in London
Nathan Hodge is the Senior Americas Reporter, based in Washington, DC
Last posted:
2008-06-23
Wheeled armoured vehicles are being procured in large numbers worldwide. Christopher F Foss looks at recent newcomers to the market, while Nathan Hodge reviews the US Joint Light Tactical Vehicle programme
As a result of the high losses in personnel and unarmoured wheeled vehicles, there has been a major push in a number of countries towards the design, development and procurement of protected mobility vehicles.
Not only must these vehicles provide protection from small-arms fire and shell splinters but also anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
The latter have over the past two years been the number one threat in Afghanistan and Iraq and all too often have resulted in the total loss of a vehicle and its valuable crew.
To counter this threat new fleets of wheeled armoured vehicles are being procured, with the US by far the largest user, already rapidly fielding a whole series of mine-resistant ambush-protected (MRAP) vehicles.
These are being procured from a number of contractors in the US and overseas in 4 x 4 and 6 x 6 configurations. Some of these are based on modified truck chassis fitted with an armoured body while others have a monocoque hull. Most of these have a V-shaped hull although there are also other configurations to help reduce the mine and IED threat.
Most of these vehicles have an all-steel armour baseline protection package to which applique armour is added for enhanced protection. Much of this applique armour is provided to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) by a subcontractor.
Many of these armour specialists are also often involved in the design of some elements of the vehicle owing to their extensive experience in armour technology using various types of materials.
Many of the recently deployed vehicles are also fitted with electronic devices to neutralise IEDs; special seats, which are attached to the sides and/or roof of the vehicle for enhanced crew survivability; an air-conditioning system and a roof-mounted remote-controlled weapon station (RCWS).
RCWSs are normally armed with a 7.62 mm or .50 (12.7 mm) machine gun or a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher (AGL). This weapon is laid on to the target using a day/night-sighting system and an increasing number of customers are opting for a laser rangefinder for increased accuracy. A weapon-stabilisation system enables stationary and moving targets to be engaged with a high first round hit probability while the platform is also moving. Often there is a separate competition for the RCWSs, which, in addition to being fitted to protected mobility vehicles, are fitted to other armoured vehicles such as armoured personnel carriers (APCs).
While a number of new contractors have recently entered the protected mobility market, South Africa has considerable experience in the design, development and production of this type of vehicle, based on its extensive operational experience.
The now BAE Systems Land Systems OMC Casspir mine-protected vehicle (MPV) was built in large numbers and remains in service with the South African National Defence Force. In recent years large quantities of Casspir MPVs have been exported with known customers, including Angola, Djibouti, India, Indonesia, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal, Sweden and the US (private contractors in Iraq).
The experience of South African developments in the field of the MPV has often formed the basis of many of the more recently developed protected mobility vehicles being fielded. While there is no hard and fast definition as to what a 'protected mobility' platform is, this supplement covers some of the more recent protected mobility vehicles - although there are a number of other vehicles that are either at the prototype stage, being offered on the world market or are in production.
These new vehicles are replacing either unarmoured vehicles or vehicles with applique armour added as a result of combat experience. In most cases these new vehicles are not only larger but are also much more expensive to procure and operate but this is a price many countries consider worth paying to reduce casualties.
Australia
Thales Australia Bushmaster
The Bushmaster infantry mobility vehicle (IMV) was originally developed to meet the specific operational requirements of the Australian Army for an armoured vehicle capable of transporting troops and their equipment over long distances so that they arrived in a ready-to-fight condition. The Bushmaster has a maximum road speed of about 100 km/h and an operating range of up to 800 km.
The all-welded armoured steel monocoque hull of the Bushmaster is produced to STANAG 4569 Level 1 small-arms fire but mine protection is greater than STANAG 4569 Level 3. The company produces an enhanced range of additional armour packages as well as spall liners.
By the second quarter of 2008 Australia had ordered just over 700 Bushmaster IMVs (including options) with additional sales being made to the Netherlands (46 with deliveries still under way) and more recently the UK (about 24).
The Bushmaster is currently deployed by Australia in Afghanistan and Iraq, and by the Netherlands in Afghanistan. The UK is deploying Bushmaster for an undisclosed role in Afghanistan for which the vehicle is being optimised to meet specific UK requirements, including electronic devices to counter IEDs.
As well as the IMV variant, Australia deploys a number of variants including: ambulance, assault pioneer, command, direct fire weapons and 81 mm mortar carrier. It can be fitted with various weapons, including a .50 (12.7 mm) RCWS towards the front and typically a 5.56 mm or 7.62 mm machine gun at the rear.
For the US market, Thales Australia has teamed with Oshkosh to meet potential US military requirements under the MRAP drive but, apart from two units supplied for trials, there have been no additional sales so far. A Bushmaster in 6 x 6 configuration is currently being studied, which would have a significant increase in volume and payload and enable the vehicle to undertake a wider range of roles.
The latest version of the Bushmaster to be developed is the Copperhead Armoured Logistic Vehicle, the first preproduction vehicle of which was recently completed.
From automotive, maintenance, logistics and user aspects, Copperhead is identical to the standard Bushmaster. There is a flatbed at the rear of the cab on which loads of up to 3.5 tonnes can be carried with a growth potential of up to 5 tonnes.
France
Panhard PVP
Following a competition, the French Delegation Generale pour l'Armament (DGA) selected the Panhard General Defense design to meet its requirement for a Petit Vehicule Protege (PVP), placing a EUR150 million (USD233 million) order for a total of 933 units. Production commenced at the main Panhard General Defense production facility at Morelles in 2007 and the first production vehicles were handed over to the French Army earlier this year.
Production is now running at 15 PVPs a month but, with a built-in surge capacity and, under current contracts, production is due to be completed in 2012.
The engine compartment is protected to STANAG Level I while the crew compartment is protected to STANAG Level 2 (7.62 mm armour piercing). Currently the French Army is fielding two versions: one for troops such as anti-tank teams and the other in a command post role. Standard equipment for the PVP includes an air-conditioning system, central tyre-inflation system and run flat tyres among many options.
To meet the potential requirements of the German Army, Panhard General Defense teamed with Rheinmetall Landsysteme to develop a five-door version with two prototypes completed.
Panhard General Defense has also developed to the prototype stage its AXVL 4 x 4 vehicle with a gross vehicle weight (GVW) of about 8.5 tonnes and the Vehiculo Blindado de Reconocimiento (VBR) 4 x 4 with a GVW of about 9 tonnes. The latter is similar in appearance to the Panhard General Defense Vehicule Blinde Leger (VBL), which has been built in large numbers for the French Army and many export customers.
Germany
The GFF programme
In recent years the German Army has become increasingly involved in out-of-area operations for which many of its existing wheeled vehicles are considered to be unsuitable due to a lack of protection.
Against this background, the German Army drew up requirements for a complete series of new wheeled protected vehicles under the Geschutzte Fuhrungs und Funktionsfahrzeuge or Armoured Command and Control Vehicles (GFF) programme.
This covers four basic vehicles: GFF 1, 2, 3 and 4 with GFF 1 as the lightest and GFF 4 the heaviest. Trials with GFF 1, 2 and 3 have been completed, while trials of GFF 4 are still under way. While some of the vehicles tested were new vehicles others were already in service and the competition was for follow-on buys to meet additional requirements.
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Mungo
The Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Mungo was originally developed to meet the requirements of the German Army's special operations and a total of 388 units have been ordered. The first production Mungo light armoured airborne vehicles have been delivered and final deliveries are due to be made in 2009.
As one of the key German requirements was that the vehicle should be airportable inside a CH-53G transport helicopter, the size and weight of Mungo were kept as compact as possible.The production model provides the occupants with only limited protection against small-arms fire and anti-personnel mines. To meet the GFF1 requirement another version of Mungo was built with a fully protected crew compartment.
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Dingo 2
The Dingo All-Protected Vehicle (APV) was originally developed as a private venture by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and, following trials with prototype vehicles, the German Army took delivery of a total of 147 first-generation Dingo APVs, which are all based on the Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG chassis. These could carry five people, including commander and driver all seated in a well-protected compartment in the middle of the vehicle.
The newest version is the Dingo 2, based on the latest production Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG S-5000 4 x 4 cross-country chassis, which has greater payload and normally carries eight people including commander and driver.
The first production Dingo 2 was delivered late in 2004 to the German Army, which has ordered a total of 201 vehicles, most of which have been delivered. Export sales have been made to Austria (20) and Belgium (220 plus an option on 132), the Czech Republic (4). The vehicle has already been deployed overseas.
More recently Luxembourg has ordered 48 Dingo 2s for use in the protected reconnaissance role with Thales Land & Joint Systems as prime contractor.
The latest version of the Dingo 2 has an armour-protected crew compartment that extends to the rear and has a higher roofline for greater internal volume. This allows this version of the Dingo 2 to be used for a wider range of roles such as ambulance, command post and a nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) reconnaissance vehicle.
Rheinmetall Yak
To meet an urgent operational requirement, Germany placed a contract with Rheinmetall covering the supply of 30 Yak 6 x 6 armoured multirole vehicles in four configurations, which have all now been delivered with some deployed to Afghanistan.
The first four versions deployed were ambulance (12), explosive ordnance disposal (10), military police (4) and Luna unmanned aerial vehicle support (4). The Yak consists of a Swiss Mowag DURO 6 x 6 cross-country chassis, fitted with an armour-protected forward control cab and a fully protected rear body developed by Rheinmetall, which is customised to meet the specific role.
Late in 2005 a second order was placed for 100 Yaks in various configurations and all of these should be delivered by 2009.
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann GFF 4
The GFF 4 bridges the gap between the Boxer Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle (MRAV) (of which 272 have been ordered by the German Army) and the lighter GFF 1, 2 and 3 vehicles. Krauss-Maffei Wegmann handed over its GFF 4 vehicle to the Germany Army for extensive trials that are still under way.
This GFF 4 vehicle is based on a fully militarised IVECO Defence Vehicles Trakker 6 x 6 chassis fitted with a monocoque safety cell for the driver as well as the crew compartment, which provides a high level of protection against all threats including IED.
The vehicle has a GVW of 25 tonnes of which 4 tonnes is payload with a built-in growth potential and can be carried inside an A400M transport aircraft. The design of the vehicle is such that it can be adapted for a wide range of specialised roles such as ambulance, cargo carrier or command post.
Standard equipment includes powered steering, automatic transmission, automatic drive-train management, auxiliary power unit (APU), tyre-inflation system and run flat tyres. The vehicle is powered by a 330 kW diesel engine located at the front of the vehicle, which gives a maximum road speed of 90 km/h and an operating range of more than 700 km.
Rheinmetall GFF 4 Wisent
Also competing for the GFF 4 requirement is Rheinmetall, which has built two 8 x 8 vehicles under contract to the German Army called Wisent (Bison).
Wisent is based on a frame-type chassis on which are fitted three key elements. The first is the two-person forward control armour-protected cab that can be tilted forwards for maintenance purposes.
To the rear of this is the technical compartment, which contains the complete diesel powerpack, air-conditioning system, NBC-protection system and RCWS.
The rest of the vehicle is taken up with the removable mission module, which has its own integrated APU, air-conditioning system and NBC system. If required this mission module could be operated as a standalone unit.
The powerpack comprises a MAN six-cylinder diesel developing 324 kW coupled to a fully automatic transmission that gives a maximum road speed of 105 km/h. Independent suspension system gives a high level of cross-country mobility and steering is powered on the front two axles.
As well as providing protection against small-arms fire, shell splinters and mines, the Wisent armour package is also claimed to provide protection against a 50 kg IED, along with a potential longer-term growth to provide protection against a 150 kg IED.
While the first example of Wisent is in the 8 x 8 configuration, a complete family of 6 x 6, 8 x 8 and 10 x 10 vehicles could be developed to meet an expanded range of user requirements using the same basic components.
Armoured Multi Purpose Vehicle
The two largest armoured fighting vehicle contractors in Germany are Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and Rheinmetall Defence, which are usually in direct competition for most German Army vehicle programmes. They do, however, work together on such programmes such as the Boxer MRAV and the Puma armoured infantry fighting vehicle (AIFV).
These two companies have recently announced that they have joined forces to develop, using company funding, a new 4 x 4 vehicle, which they call the Armoured Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV).
The first full-scale mock-up has been completed and was shown for the first time at the recent Eurosatory exhibition in Paris. The first prototype is being built in Kassel and is expected to roll out in the first quarter of 2009.
The AMPV will be a well-protected vehicle in the 5- to 9-tonne class with AMPV 1 the smallest member (which is the vehicle being built) and AMPV 2 the largest.
The two vehicles use the same subsystems and workstations and differ only in height, weight, wheelbase and protection level. The crew compartment will have the highest level of protection and will be provided with spall liners.
Both vehicles will be powered by a 3.2-litre diesel engine coupled to an automatic transmission. Run-flat tyres and independent suspension will be standard for all versions.
The German Army has selected the Swiss Mowag Eagle IV to meet the GFF 2 requirement and the AMPV is aimed at possible follow-on buys for this requirement.
Italy
IVECO Light Multipurpose Vehicle
The Light Multipurpose Vehicle (LMV) was originally developed by IVECO Defence Vehicles as a private venture with the first prototypes being completed in 2001.
All production LMVs have an armour floor panel fitted as standard and are fitted for but not with an applique armour package, although most customers have ordered the vehicle with the full armour package fitted as standard.
In the LMV design, the crew compartment is the armoured citadel in the middle with the front engine compartment and rear load area unprotected. A recent development is to extend the protected area to the rear of the vehicle.
The baseline version of the LMV has a wheelbase of 3.23 m but a long wheel base model has also been developed with a wheelbase of 3.5 m. This is suitable for a wider range of missions such as ambulance and command post vehicle.
Enhanced levels of protection are being developed and trials of the LMV fitted with the IBD active defence system have been successfully completed with incoming rocket-propelled grenades detected and neutralised.
In addition to the Italian Army, which has ordered more than 1,200 vehicles, the LMV has also been ordered by Belgium (440 plus two options each of 90 vehicles), Croatia (10), Germany (two for trials), Norway (25), Spain (initial order for 40) and the UK (401production vehicles).
The prime contractor for the UK vehicles is BAE Systems Land Systems with final integration taking place at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The LMV was selected to meet the British Army requirement for a Command and Liaison Vehicle, which was subsequently called Panther. These are fitted with the Bowman digital communication system and most are also fitted with the Selex Galileo Enforcer RCWS, which is equipped with a 7.62 mm machine gun.
South Africa
BAE Systems Land Systems OMC RG-32M
Further development of the earlier RG-32 Scout, which was aimed at the paramilitary market, resulted in the RG-32M with a higher level of protection and mobility.
The RG-32M consists of a monocoque all-welded steel four-door crew compartment to which the front and rear subframes are attached. The vehicle is also marketed with a protected engine compartment and a protected crew compartment that extends to the rear of the vehicle. The GVW is around 7.5 tonnes for the four-door upgraded version, which has seven seats and can be fitted with various types of RCWS.
Finland has taken delivery of six units with Sweden selecting the RG-32M to meet its requirement for a mine-hardened patrol vehicle. These have a number of improvements to meet Swedish requirements including a new heating and insulation system and a central tyre-inflation system.
Sweden has taken delivery of a total of 200 units with the first order comprising 102 units; the second order is for 98 units. The UN has also taken delivery of nine vehicles.
BAE Systems Land Systems OMC RG-31
This has the traditional V-shaped hull and since it was first introduced has been continuously developed and upgraded as the threat has changed and new technology has matured.
Recent customers have included Canada (50 + 25), the United Arab Emirates and the US (as part of the MRAP programme), which has the RG-31 Mk 5.
The latest version is the RG-31 Mk 6 MPV, which features a longer wheelbase and a wider track, increasing its GVW up to 17 tonnes and internal volume up to 11 m3. This enables it to undertake a wider range of roles as well as having a higher level or survivability.
IVEMA Gila mine- and ballistic-protected vehicle
From late 2005 the South African IVEMA (International Vehicle & Equipment Marketing) company developed the Gila mine- and ballistic-protected (MBPV) for the export market. The first two pre-production vehicles were completed in 2006.
Although similar in concept to the older South African Casspir MPV, Gila is a new design to provide its occupants with a high level of protection against small-arms fire and shell splinters. To reduce overall life-cycle costs wherever possible the Gila uses proven subsystems such as the Daimler Chrysler 215 hp diesel and Allison automatic transmission. GVW depends on the version chosen but is typically around 13.3 tonnes with a maximum road speed of 105 km/h and a road range of up to 700 km. Standard equipment includes an air-conditioning system, powered steering and run flat tyres but, as with all vehicles of this type there are numerous options.
So far at least two undisclosed export customers have placed orders for the Gila and the first production vehicles were completed towards the end of 2007.
Switzerland
Mowag Eagle IV
The Mowag Eagle I, II and III 4 x 4 vehicles were all based on a US-supplied AM General Humvee 4 x 4 chassis with the armour package developed and fitted by Mowag.
Sales of the AM General-based Mowag Eagle were made to Denmark (36 Eagle I) and Switzerland (154 Eagle I, 175 Eagle II and 120 Eagle III).
The current production model is the Eagle IV 4 x 4 based on a Mowag DURO chassis, which has a greater payload, internal volume and higher protection with a maximum GVW of about 8.5 tonnes.
The first customer for the Eagle IV was the Danish Army, which placed a contract for a total of 90 units. The first deliveries, which are now complete, were made late in 2006.
The Danish Eagle IV is fitted with a BAE Systems Bofors Lemur RCWS armed with a .50 (12.7 mm) M2 HB machine gun, which is also installed on a number of other Danish vehicles including its recently acquired Piranha III 8 x 8 APCs.
Following a competition, the German Army selected the Mowag Eagle IV 4 x 4 vehicle to meet its GFF 3 requirement and a contract is expected to be awarded soon.
Following another competition, the vehicles will be fitted with a German Krauss-Maffei Wegmann RCWS, which will also be fitted on a number of other German armoured vehicles.
Mowag DURO III P protected military tactical vehicle
In addition to supplying Rheinmetall with its DURO 6 x 6 chassis, which forms the basis of the Yak 6 x 6 vehicle previously mentioned, Mowag has also produced its own armour-protected versions of this vehicle.
The first vehicles were produced for Switzerland some years ago with the now BAE Systems Protection and Mobility Systems (previously Armor Holdings, Aerospace & Defense Group) providing the armour package.
Today Mowag is marketing the DURO III P vehicle, with the P standing for protected. First customer is the Danish Army, which ordered 29 vehicles under an urgent operational requirement in the armoured ambulance vehicle (AAV) configuration; first deliveries were made in 2007.
Turkey
Otokar Cobra
Otokar is the largest manufacturer of light wheeled armoured vehicles in Turkey and as well as manufacturing a number of internal security vehicles based on the locally built Land Rover Defender 4 x 4 chassis, also builds the Cobra APC.
Cobra has an all-welded steel monocoque hull into which are integrated automotive subsystems of the US AM General Humvee 4 x 4 in its Expanded Capacity Vehicle (ECV) version. The baseline APC typically has a crew of two (commander and driver) and carries 11 fully equipped troops who are provided with firing ports and observation devices. Varying one-person turrets and RCWSs can be fitted including weapons up to 20 mm in calibre.
Cobra is being used for an expanded range of missions. The Armoured Reconnaissance/Surveillance Vehicle is the most advanced in the series and is fitted with extensive communications equipment and a sensor pod on an elevated mast, which can be rapidly raised for additional terrain coverage.
United States
Textron Marine & Land Systems M1117 Guardian
Following a competition, the Textron Marine & Land Systems design was selected for use by the US Army Military Police as the M1117 Armored Security Vehicle (or Guardian).
The first production contract was placed in 1999 and covered the supply of 94 units over a five-year period but by 2004 orders had increased to 132 units.
As a result of operations in Iraq, additional large contracts have been placed and so far the total order book is for 2,140 vehicles. Production is currently running at 48 vehicles a month with about 1,500 units delivered. It is expected that the total US Army requirement for the M1117 ASV and variants will now exceed 3,000 units.
The baseline US Army M1117 is fitted with a one-person turret armed with a 40 mm AGL and a .50 cal (12.7 mm) M2 HB machine gun, but other weapon systems have been fitted.
In addition to the M1117 ASV, the US Army has ordered another version called the M1200 Armored Knight. A total of 595 units are due to be fielded with DRS Technologies as prime contractor.
This system is fitted with an advanced sensor package that includes a laser designator and rangefinder thermal imager, digital command-and-control system and blended inertial/GPS. This is used to locate and designate targets for rapid engagement by field artillery or other weapons.
So far there are two export customers: Iraq has taken delivery of a total of 63 stretched units and more recently Bulgaria has received seven units.
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle
The US Army and US Marine Corps are paving the way for the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), a new generation of light utility vehicles that will eventually replace the widely fielded Humvee. At stake is a contract to design and build a family of light utility vehicles that will incorporate the latest technology in armour protection, propulsion and communications. While the requirements have yet to be finalised, the services could require as many as 40,000 JLTVs in the first stage of the programme. Major international orders are also expected as other militaries upgrade their utility fleets.
The US Department of Defense (DoD) is expected to select as many as three JLTV prototypes in the first stage of the design contest. Bidders submitted proposals for the first round of the JLTV contest in April. The US Army is now reviewing those proposals to decide which companies will proceed to the next level of the JLTV competition. Industry sources told Jane's the selection is expected later this month or early in July.
JLTV is seen as an evolution toward an all-purpose family of vehicles that will incorporate the versatility and off-road mobility of the Humvee and the survivability of the heavier MRAP vehicle.
The US military is currently buying thousands of MRAPs to protect troops in the field, but they are seen as a stopgap measure while the development effort for JLTV gets under way.
Planners envisage a vehicle with baseline armour protection, integrated communications capability and improved mobility. JLTV will have built-in level of survivability, along with capability to add on extra armour depending on the threat level. Several versions of the JLTV with different payload categories are envisaged.
The 'Increment I' JLTV will offer a 1,588 kg payload capability; it will be transportable inside a heavylift rotorcraft. Larger versions of the vehicle will have to be carried externally by helicopter or transported within a C-130 Hercules tactical airlifter.
One of the key design issues for JLTV is the power requirement. The services are interested in a vehicle with greater fuel efficiency and exportable power. The JLTV will need to provide enough power for advanced digital communications gear, jammers and sensors, along with a 'silent watch' capability that will allow operators to run the vehicle's electronics suite with the main engine switched off. However, there have been concerns that hybrid-electric technologies may not be sufficiently mature for the early incarnations of the JLTV. Parts commonality and modularity is another key feature. Military planners want vehicles with a smaller logistics tail and an ability to install new equipment without major modification. Several industry teams have stepped forward to offer JLTV prototypes.
Lockheed Martin has teamed with BAE Systems Mobility & Protection Systems (formerly Armor Holdings), Alcoa Defense and JWF Industries on its Utility Vehicle Light Payload Category C prototype.
With the JLTV programme supposed to yield a family of up to six different vehicle variants with common cabs, chassis and drive trains, Lockheed Martin officials said its vehicle designs would have 90 per cent commonality.
Lockheed Martin has promoted a 'low-risk' approach to JLTV that allows for growth and potential improvements such as hybrid engines; it has also forwarded another JLTV design: the Combat Tactical Vehicle Payload Category B.
BAE Systems unveiled its JLTV prototype in February. The company's 7,260 kg vehicle incorporates design elements from the MRAP vehicle programme, which is a key measure of survivability for the next-generation JLTV. For its bid, BAE Systems has paired with Navistar: the largest single MRAP supplier.
A Northrop Grumman and Oshkosh Corporation design is built around a diesel-electric power train, which has a diesel engine connected to an electronic generator, which powers traction motors that drive each axle. The design is supposed to create a vehicle that eliminates the conventional drive train, allowing designers to craft a more survivable crew compartment.
Raytheon has paired with US security company Blackwater to bid for JLTV. Their JLTV prototype - the Grizzly Mark VI - builds on Raytheon's experience in mission systems integration, along with Blackwater's operational experience in the private security market.
Raytheon will be the prime contractor for their joint JLTV bid, overseeing integration of the command, control, communications and computing suite.
It will also lead power-management design and has forwarded a seating design that incorporates blast-mitigation technology. Blackwater will be responsible for production and basic vehicle design.
In 2007, General Dynamics and AM General announced a partnership for the JLTV in anticipation of a request for proposals. AM General is the manufacturer of the Humvee and General Dynamics is hoping to capitalise on its expertise as a manufacturer of infantry fighting vehicles.
Boeing, Textron and rally car designer MillenWorks have teamed on a parallel hybrid design that would allow their JLTV to run on diesel, electrical power or both.
In addition to 'silent watch' capability that would allow the JLTV to operate without the engine running, their design is supposed to incorporate a 'silent drive' feature that would give the vehicle added stealth in some operational scenarios.
The companies are also hoping to leverage some of the survivability technology that is being developed as part of the US Army's Future Combat Systems modernisation programme, an effort being led by Boeing and Science Applications International Corp.
DRS Sustainment Systems, a unit of defence electronics supplier DRS Technologies, joined with MRAP manufacturer Force Protection to compete for the JLTV.
DRS will be prime contractor for the team and Force Protection will design and produce the JLTV base vehicle and the armour package, leveraging its experience manufacturing the Cougar, Buffalo and Cheetah mine-hardened vehicles.
The future
While large quantities of MRAP/protected-mobility vehicles are being deployed by an increasing number of countries, it remains to be seen how armies can fund equipment for use across a full warfighting spectrum.
While well suited for use in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq, are these vehicles suitable for use in high-intensity military operations?
Christopher F Foss is the Land Consultant, based in London
Nathan Hodge is the Senior Americas Reporter, based in Washington, DC
Rajput_Pakistani
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I wish PA really purchase these vehicles on fast track. Our 80% casualties till now are result of road side IEDs and ambushes. Toyota hilux and Shahzor mini truck are the cause of so many casualties.
Jango
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Id the gun pls,I have seen the same in Def.pk homepage too.
MG3, the standard squad gun for Pak Army.
ejaz007
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In total six vehicles were purchased during 2007. Here is the link. Go to Page 19.
http://www.denel.co.za/pdf/annual_report.pdf
http://www.denel.co.za/pdf/annual_report.pdf
Inception-06
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a very pure standard or tactic, no gun shield, no coaxial machine gun mounted to fire along a parallel axis or can someone explain this here better ?
Who is responsible for such things ? HIT is producing this guns, why they can not install this Items before sending the APC in the service with the Troops. Is there no or a lack of cordination between the Logistic organisations and the Army Brigades ?
(Coaxial weapons is usually used to engage infantry or other "soft" targets)
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