Major Shaitan Singh
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It is known that in 1944 in Normandy on a padded German tank "Panther" had 3-4 burned or damaged American "Sherman". The reasons were different, but the important thing is that the main armament "Panther" allowed with impunity to destroy the enemy at ranges that are inaccessible to the response of effective fire.
Gun barrel tanks «Abrams» with the housing.Very effective three-layer structure
These lessons are not in vain. In the postwar years, the task of maximizing the actual shooting range (DDS) tank and anti-tank guns becomes almost the most important for the development of different countries.
In the fierce competition for the best tank and better anti-tank gun (about the same ballistics them) was not left without attention, none of the factors that one way or another affect the accuracy. The goal was (and still is) more than justified - any additional hundreds of meters DDS obtained by improving the characteristics of guns, ammunition, rifle scopes et al., Provide an advantage over the enemy and reduce their own losses. It is for this technique is always willing to pay customers, understands the economics of war.
Work got under way. In order to hit the target, it must first get. On progress in this direction results the following fact. In 1971, the dispersion table armor-piercing projectiles (BPS) Soviet antitank cannon MT-12 by firing at 1000 m of BB £ 0,23 m; WB £, 23 m (BB; Wb - characteristics of vertical and lateral dispersion, their value corresponds to twice the width of the strip, which gets 50% of the shells). For comparison, the Dragunov sniper rifle, these figures are BB £ 0,25 m; WB £ 0,21 m, and they are achieved when the best snipers shoot sniper bullets to stop lying rifle having a telescopic sight.
Gun with tank hood «Challenger-2"
For the majority of the factors which change most strongly affects the accuracy of shooting, it was possible to create mathematical models that allowed under various conditions to evaluate their impact on the deviation of the point of impact of the aiming point.
Tanks began to equip a variety of devices - laser range finders, sensors determine the ambient temperature, wind speed and direction, electronic ballistic computer. Designers changed the position of the brake rollback and the dynamics of their work. Were created by technology and equipment, which allowed the production of five-meter trunks 100-125 mm guns with tolerances to gauge twice more stringent than, for example, trunks hunting rifles.
Installed sensors on the tanks drove all the information about the external environment, the temperature of the charge, the characteristics of the projectile, the target range in the electronic ballistic computer. Obtained at the output of information allows us to correct the installation of sight. And as all this was done automatically, at the end of the 1950s it seemed that the task of ensuring accurate shooting from tank guns with a probability of contact with the enemy tank armor-piercing discarding sabot projectile> 80% is practically solved to distances of 2500 m.
So it would be if there was not a factor, which manifests itself not always, but at any time could cause a significant loss of results of shooting. He did not give estimates, and the quantitative effect of his actions in the real situation was very difficult to predict. This so-called thermal bending barrel.
ThermoJacket on gun barrel tank «Merkava»
Effect of heat on the accuracy of bending long-barreled weapons systems began to study more in the middle of the last century. The nature of this phenomenon is simple. Sun, wind, rain, heat processes shot gage barrel wall associated with a manufacturing error, leads to the fact that the gun barrel is constantly with some heated side more than the other. The temperature difference causes it bend.
None of these thermal effects is not fixed, so the picture of the temperature field is constantly changing, and the gun barrel, like a tree trunk, is in constant motion, but not from the wind, and from thermal deformation.
As a result, the emission angle of the projectile even in normal conditions for us may change significantly. Thus one reason raznonagretosti affect the first shot, the other - the next.
For example, if the barrel of a tank (anti-tank) gun in the afternoon for an hour will shine summer European sun, when shooting at a distance of 1,500 m point of impact of the first rounds will go down, to the side relative to the point of aiming at 1-1.7 m. Shooting Same gun during fine drizzle lead to the fact that the hit point of the third, fourth-projectiles deviate upwards away at 1.6-2.5 m. For reference, in the central part of Europe, on average 77 days per year of precipitation.
Abroad, the first to realize the danger of the phenomenon of thermal bending and urgently to seek ways to eliminate it.The solution was found pretty quickly, and soon the trunks were installed heat shield - TCC ( Eng. - Thermal Sleeve ).They had to exclude any influence of external environment, which leads to the heat bending of the shaft and thus ensure the stability of the gun battle.
Gun MT-12 at the firing position
Already in the 1960s in the pages of the foreign press are beginning to emerge pictures of combat vehicles, which are installed on the trunks of these devices. First, in this construction were as thin aluminum or steel shell and insulating sleeves tissue. Both were secured with clamps. For all the difference in the materials used were united by one thing - they were developed under the existing trunks. As a result, they are subject to very strict limits on the mass, and therefore make them highly effective not possible.
The fact that the tank gun to ensure proper operation of mechanisms vertical lay balancing barrel relative to the axis of rotation (pins) is usually done hanging the balancing weights on state and / or muzzle. Due to the difference shoulders any mass mounted on the muzzle, as compensation requires multiple weighting breech. However, there is a limit as a location for the goods is limited to the breech arrangement tower.
The effectiveness of the first designs refueling was low - scatter of points falling due to thermal bending decreased by about 40-60%, but nevertheless it was already something.
It was not long, and abroad take a radical solution. The developers cannon armament of the third generation («Abrams», «Leopard-2», «Challenger») has been tasked to install refueling with maximum efficiency thermal protection.Development of new guns followed the path of co-design trunks, ejectors and refueling. Housing become an integral part of the gun, shooting is impossible without them. It's pretty expensive two-, three-layer aluminum and fiberglass construction. The high efficiency of the new TCC (> 90%) will allow to reduce to almost zero bending of the barrel from the external environment.
The figure shows the results of the actual firing of anti-tank gun MT-12. Distance - 1,500 m. On the left - a cloudy day, the right - in a light drizzle. Rate of fire - 2-3 rds. / Min. The target is taken frontal projection of the American M60 tank. His height - 3.28 m. For reference: the height of the tank «Abrams» M1A1 - 2,88 m
The probability of hitting the first shot M60 tanks and T-62 for different distances duel fight. Shooting from the scene. Purpose stationary. Values obtained as without thermal bending of the barrel, and the conditions for exposure to the sun. The intensity of solar radiation corresponds to an average year in the Middle East.M60 mounted on the casing
The ratio of the probability of hitting the tank M60 and T-62 for different distances duel fight. Shooting from the scene. Purpose stationary. The intensity of solar radiation corresponds to an average year in the Middle East. M60 mounted on the casing. As can be seen from the graph, the Israeli tankers in Lebanon in 1982 is really doing the right thing by opening fire from a distance 1800-2500 m. At such distances, the probability of hitting their own machines Syrian T-62 was lower by more than two times
The trouble this situation for domestic military at the time was that the accuracy of NATO tanks, which were installed on the housing was already higher than ours - Wb in £ 0,18 etc.(Thousandth of the distance) compared with 0.23-0.25 etc. For them, the installation of refueling was a clear advantage for us it was not so easy. And not only that there was a large number of differing tanks and guns. Gage pipe wall about 15-20% smoothbore cannon barrels domestic tanks 1960-1970 reached 1.5-2 mm (from foreign not more than 0.8 mm, and then 0.4 mm).In such trunks first shot after manufacture thinner wall portion and warms quickly causes severe thermal deformation in the opposite direction. Each new shot (depending on the rate of fire) equalizes temperature and this again leads to a bending of the trunk. Where to fly the next round - we can only guess. In such cases, however effective was the cover, it can ensure the accuracy of firing the first shot only, but not the others. And even in the 1980s, the production of 125-mm guns 2A46 allows a certain percentage of release trunks with different thickness of the pipe within 1.5 mm.
In the USSR, the need to install refueling more often understood by the military. What abroad began to do in 1960, we have had to start after twenty years. It should be noted that the officers Grau, responsible for tank and anti-tank weapons of the Ground Forces, sought as soon as possible to establish refueling and to cooperate fully with the art of defense bureaus and institutions dealing with this issue. Unfortunately, the leadership of these organizations was not always at the height of the solution of problems of introduction of such products.
In the early 1980s, perhaps the most advanced refueling options have been proposed by experts TSNIITOCHMASH.
By the time the department 43rd institute already existed experience with fiberglass covers for 30 mm cannon 2A42 (weapons BMP-2). They not only protect the trunk from the external environment, but also increase the accuracy of automatic fire, absorbing the vibration energy of the barrel. At one time there were even introduced TCC documentation BMP-2. My colleague Sergey Gorshenin put a lot of effort to organize their production.However, the leadership and direction of the Institute did not dare to take responsibility in an unknown reality and "softened" is almost the work performed. Representatives of the customer for some time, waiting for the start of production, but as the war in Afghanistan was already in full swing, the car began to produce without installing refueling.
The next attempt was the refueling for anti-tank gun MT-12.There was a program of modernization, and housing was just what we needed. And Grau and management of the manufacturer only welcomed our participation.
Design requirements for refueling MT-12 were very hard. The casing had to hide more than 4 m of the pipe barrel and installed without finishing the design of guns for the whole period of her life, and to withstand all kinds of tests, which took the gun. The fact that it was for testing, can be judged by the following: had to withstand a minimum of 250 rounds armor-piercing projectiles, including intense shooting, during which the production of 32 shots given to no more than five minutes. When this barrel is heated to such an extent that it illuminates the paint. In between firing MT-12 ran in riding over rough terrain. Three-ton gun several times with all the fluff bumped the trunk on the ground. Sometimes, breaking a hole or ditch, tractor (MTLB) several meters dragged MT-12 on the trunk so that the wheels hang in the air.
Domestic T-80U. Heat shield - it is easier than you can imagine. Rolled aluminum sheets, twisted the top bolt and tighten clamps to the barrel. The effectiveness of the design in line with its value.
Soon were designed and assembled the first refueling options.For a variety of reasons related to the improper formulation of the problem of design, received a revelation weak and raw products in a constructive and technologically.
It so happened that when we started production tests gun, then due to the absence at the time the developers of these fueling me as a representative of the department and the institution sent to observe the firings. Enough for five shots to muzzle flange housing blown to shreds. In fairness it should be noted that competed aluminum structures of other organizations (made according to the type of domestic tank refueling) and could not stand it.
Character flange fracture showed that as a result of overload on the front part of the recoil of the TCC, had a mass of about 21 kg axial force acts magnitude 9-11 tons. Considerable effort and not only - it should add to the transverse overload generated by fluctuations in the trunk, as well as the front pressure powerful shock wave coming from the muzzle brake.
Upon returning to college, I met with Sergey Gorshenin, who led this subject, talked about the tests. Together we have made proposals to change the design of refueling. A new variant of the casing was not just half easier, but also meet the requirements of mass production. Approved the idea, and since the age of 100-mm guns was coming to an end, it was decided that, if successful, will have to try to establish a modern refueling on all domestic tanks.
Work immediately went in two directions: the creation of TCC for the MT-12 and the study of the most promising options for tank guns. They had their own operational loads and features of the plant refueling. Still acting weight very stringent limitations on weight of casing. However, due to the presence of the ejector shroud could be divided into two sections, operating separately. Overload rollback were slightly higher than the MT 12, but has a much smaller impact shockwave. Worse was different. The list of tanks in service was quite large. And each has its own gun. Moreover, the structure of these shafts and the ejector guns often been refined in the course of operation, and it created problems with the creation of a single housing assembly for even a single tank type. As for testing, the most severe kind of seems to us to travel the tank bush (diameter of tree trunks up to 70 mm) with a gun deployed on 9 or 15 hours.
In order to create optimal designs were tested various technologies winding fiberglass shells. On special copra options casings were tested for shock loads. After that they put on the barrel mimic, fired at close range from a vending machine (imitation of actions fragments) and then sent for testing impacts. Action rain imitated specially designed sprinkler, which allowed during the shooting polygon reproduce any rain intensity. Testing the effectiveness of refueling on the action of solar radiation estimated specially designed equipment and sensors ensure accurate temperature measurements in various sections of the trunk under the hood to 0.1 ° C.
Manufacturing technology refueling was worked through, including the development of tooling and special devices for normal unstressed expanding rivets when connecting flanges of metal with plastic housing.
Housing to the MT-12 managed to produce prior to testing the upgraded gun design. Prior to this basic version TCC test the strength during acceptance testing of several dozen series MT-12. No deviation has occurred. Create a variant refueling passed all the tests, and in the double volume.
Came in 1986 - a watershed in working with TCC. As expected, was discontinued MT-12. Reluctance to guide the direction of the institute to take responsibility for organizing the release of tens of thousands for refueling tank guns led to the cessation of work in this direction.
Twenty years have passed. Today, when you look at the advertised surrogate fueling domestic tanks, you know that effective firing range of the cannons armor-piercing projectiles under the impact of the external environment is still lower than that of foreign tanks late 1970s. This means that in the duel battle with BPS foreign tanks and today will be able to conduct effective fire from a distance greater than it can afford domestic tanks. Hence, there is still a lot of work, but it can be to start from scratch.
Gun barrel tanks «Abrams» with the housing.Very effective three-layer structure
These lessons are not in vain. In the postwar years, the task of maximizing the actual shooting range (DDS) tank and anti-tank guns becomes almost the most important for the development of different countries.
In the fierce competition for the best tank and better anti-tank gun (about the same ballistics them) was not left without attention, none of the factors that one way or another affect the accuracy. The goal was (and still is) more than justified - any additional hundreds of meters DDS obtained by improving the characteristics of guns, ammunition, rifle scopes et al., Provide an advantage over the enemy and reduce their own losses. It is for this technique is always willing to pay customers, understands the economics of war.
Work got under way. In order to hit the target, it must first get. On progress in this direction results the following fact. In 1971, the dispersion table armor-piercing projectiles (BPS) Soviet antitank cannon MT-12 by firing at 1000 m of BB £ 0,23 m; WB £, 23 m (BB; Wb - characteristics of vertical and lateral dispersion, their value corresponds to twice the width of the strip, which gets 50% of the shells). For comparison, the Dragunov sniper rifle, these figures are BB £ 0,25 m; WB £ 0,21 m, and they are achieved when the best snipers shoot sniper bullets to stop lying rifle having a telescopic sight.
Gun with tank hood «Challenger-2"
For the majority of the factors which change most strongly affects the accuracy of shooting, it was possible to create mathematical models that allowed under various conditions to evaluate their impact on the deviation of the point of impact of the aiming point.
Tanks began to equip a variety of devices - laser range finders, sensors determine the ambient temperature, wind speed and direction, electronic ballistic computer. Designers changed the position of the brake rollback and the dynamics of their work. Were created by technology and equipment, which allowed the production of five-meter trunks 100-125 mm guns with tolerances to gauge twice more stringent than, for example, trunks hunting rifles.
Installed sensors on the tanks drove all the information about the external environment, the temperature of the charge, the characteristics of the projectile, the target range in the electronic ballistic computer. Obtained at the output of information allows us to correct the installation of sight. And as all this was done automatically, at the end of the 1950s it seemed that the task of ensuring accurate shooting from tank guns with a probability of contact with the enemy tank armor-piercing discarding sabot projectile> 80% is practically solved to distances of 2500 m.
So it would be if there was not a factor, which manifests itself not always, but at any time could cause a significant loss of results of shooting. He did not give estimates, and the quantitative effect of his actions in the real situation was very difficult to predict. This so-called thermal bending barrel.
ThermoJacket on gun barrel tank «Merkava»
Effect of heat on the accuracy of bending long-barreled weapons systems began to study more in the middle of the last century. The nature of this phenomenon is simple. Sun, wind, rain, heat processes shot gage barrel wall associated with a manufacturing error, leads to the fact that the gun barrel is constantly with some heated side more than the other. The temperature difference causes it bend.
None of these thermal effects is not fixed, so the picture of the temperature field is constantly changing, and the gun barrel, like a tree trunk, is in constant motion, but not from the wind, and from thermal deformation.
As a result, the emission angle of the projectile even in normal conditions for us may change significantly. Thus one reason raznonagretosti affect the first shot, the other - the next.
For example, if the barrel of a tank (anti-tank) gun in the afternoon for an hour will shine summer European sun, when shooting at a distance of 1,500 m point of impact of the first rounds will go down, to the side relative to the point of aiming at 1-1.7 m. Shooting Same gun during fine drizzle lead to the fact that the hit point of the third, fourth-projectiles deviate upwards away at 1.6-2.5 m. For reference, in the central part of Europe, on average 77 days per year of precipitation.
Abroad, the first to realize the danger of the phenomenon of thermal bending and urgently to seek ways to eliminate it.The solution was found pretty quickly, and soon the trunks were installed heat shield - TCC ( Eng. - Thermal Sleeve ).They had to exclude any influence of external environment, which leads to the heat bending of the shaft and thus ensure the stability of the gun battle.
Gun MT-12 at the firing position
Already in the 1960s in the pages of the foreign press are beginning to emerge pictures of combat vehicles, which are installed on the trunks of these devices. First, in this construction were as thin aluminum or steel shell and insulating sleeves tissue. Both were secured with clamps. For all the difference in the materials used were united by one thing - they were developed under the existing trunks. As a result, they are subject to very strict limits on the mass, and therefore make them highly effective not possible.
The fact that the tank gun to ensure proper operation of mechanisms vertical lay balancing barrel relative to the axis of rotation (pins) is usually done hanging the balancing weights on state and / or muzzle. Due to the difference shoulders any mass mounted on the muzzle, as compensation requires multiple weighting breech. However, there is a limit as a location for the goods is limited to the breech arrangement tower.
The effectiveness of the first designs refueling was low - scatter of points falling due to thermal bending decreased by about 40-60%, but nevertheless it was already something.
It was not long, and abroad take a radical solution. The developers cannon armament of the third generation («Abrams», «Leopard-2», «Challenger») has been tasked to install refueling with maximum efficiency thermal protection.Development of new guns followed the path of co-design trunks, ejectors and refueling. Housing become an integral part of the gun, shooting is impossible without them. It's pretty expensive two-, three-layer aluminum and fiberglass construction. The high efficiency of the new TCC (> 90%) will allow to reduce to almost zero bending of the barrel from the external environment.
The figure shows the results of the actual firing of anti-tank gun MT-12. Distance - 1,500 m. On the left - a cloudy day, the right - in a light drizzle. Rate of fire - 2-3 rds. / Min. The target is taken frontal projection of the American M60 tank. His height - 3.28 m. For reference: the height of the tank «Abrams» M1A1 - 2,88 m
The probability of hitting the first shot M60 tanks and T-62 for different distances duel fight. Shooting from the scene. Purpose stationary. Values obtained as without thermal bending of the barrel, and the conditions for exposure to the sun. The intensity of solar radiation corresponds to an average year in the Middle East.M60 mounted on the casing
The ratio of the probability of hitting the tank M60 and T-62 for different distances duel fight. Shooting from the scene. Purpose stationary. The intensity of solar radiation corresponds to an average year in the Middle East. M60 mounted on the casing. As can be seen from the graph, the Israeli tankers in Lebanon in 1982 is really doing the right thing by opening fire from a distance 1800-2500 m. At such distances, the probability of hitting their own machines Syrian T-62 was lower by more than two times
The trouble this situation for domestic military at the time was that the accuracy of NATO tanks, which were installed on the housing was already higher than ours - Wb in £ 0,18 etc.(Thousandth of the distance) compared with 0.23-0.25 etc. For them, the installation of refueling was a clear advantage for us it was not so easy. And not only that there was a large number of differing tanks and guns. Gage pipe wall about 15-20% smoothbore cannon barrels domestic tanks 1960-1970 reached 1.5-2 mm (from foreign not more than 0.8 mm, and then 0.4 mm).In such trunks first shot after manufacture thinner wall portion and warms quickly causes severe thermal deformation in the opposite direction. Each new shot (depending on the rate of fire) equalizes temperature and this again leads to a bending of the trunk. Where to fly the next round - we can only guess. In such cases, however effective was the cover, it can ensure the accuracy of firing the first shot only, but not the others. And even in the 1980s, the production of 125-mm guns 2A46 allows a certain percentage of release trunks with different thickness of the pipe within 1.5 mm.
In the USSR, the need to install refueling more often understood by the military. What abroad began to do in 1960, we have had to start after twenty years. It should be noted that the officers Grau, responsible for tank and anti-tank weapons of the Ground Forces, sought as soon as possible to establish refueling and to cooperate fully with the art of defense bureaus and institutions dealing with this issue. Unfortunately, the leadership of these organizations was not always at the height of the solution of problems of introduction of such products.
In the early 1980s, perhaps the most advanced refueling options have been proposed by experts TSNIITOCHMASH.
By the time the department 43rd institute already existed experience with fiberglass covers for 30 mm cannon 2A42 (weapons BMP-2). They not only protect the trunk from the external environment, but also increase the accuracy of automatic fire, absorbing the vibration energy of the barrel. At one time there were even introduced TCC documentation BMP-2. My colleague Sergey Gorshenin put a lot of effort to organize their production.However, the leadership and direction of the Institute did not dare to take responsibility in an unknown reality and "softened" is almost the work performed. Representatives of the customer for some time, waiting for the start of production, but as the war in Afghanistan was already in full swing, the car began to produce without installing refueling.
The next attempt was the refueling for anti-tank gun MT-12.There was a program of modernization, and housing was just what we needed. And Grau and management of the manufacturer only welcomed our participation.
Design requirements for refueling MT-12 were very hard. The casing had to hide more than 4 m of the pipe barrel and installed without finishing the design of guns for the whole period of her life, and to withstand all kinds of tests, which took the gun. The fact that it was for testing, can be judged by the following: had to withstand a minimum of 250 rounds armor-piercing projectiles, including intense shooting, during which the production of 32 shots given to no more than five minutes. When this barrel is heated to such an extent that it illuminates the paint. In between firing MT-12 ran in riding over rough terrain. Three-ton gun several times with all the fluff bumped the trunk on the ground. Sometimes, breaking a hole or ditch, tractor (MTLB) several meters dragged MT-12 on the trunk so that the wheels hang in the air.
Domestic T-80U. Heat shield - it is easier than you can imagine. Rolled aluminum sheets, twisted the top bolt and tighten clamps to the barrel. The effectiveness of the design in line with its value.
Soon were designed and assembled the first refueling options.For a variety of reasons related to the improper formulation of the problem of design, received a revelation weak and raw products in a constructive and technologically.
It so happened that when we started production tests gun, then due to the absence at the time the developers of these fueling me as a representative of the department and the institution sent to observe the firings. Enough for five shots to muzzle flange housing blown to shreds. In fairness it should be noted that competed aluminum structures of other organizations (made according to the type of domestic tank refueling) and could not stand it.
Character flange fracture showed that as a result of overload on the front part of the recoil of the TCC, had a mass of about 21 kg axial force acts magnitude 9-11 tons. Considerable effort and not only - it should add to the transverse overload generated by fluctuations in the trunk, as well as the front pressure powerful shock wave coming from the muzzle brake.
Upon returning to college, I met with Sergey Gorshenin, who led this subject, talked about the tests. Together we have made proposals to change the design of refueling. A new variant of the casing was not just half easier, but also meet the requirements of mass production. Approved the idea, and since the age of 100-mm guns was coming to an end, it was decided that, if successful, will have to try to establish a modern refueling on all domestic tanks.
Work immediately went in two directions: the creation of TCC for the MT-12 and the study of the most promising options for tank guns. They had their own operational loads and features of the plant refueling. Still acting weight very stringent limitations on weight of casing. However, due to the presence of the ejector shroud could be divided into two sections, operating separately. Overload rollback were slightly higher than the MT 12, but has a much smaller impact shockwave. Worse was different. The list of tanks in service was quite large. And each has its own gun. Moreover, the structure of these shafts and the ejector guns often been refined in the course of operation, and it created problems with the creation of a single housing assembly for even a single tank type. As for testing, the most severe kind of seems to us to travel the tank bush (diameter of tree trunks up to 70 mm) with a gun deployed on 9 or 15 hours.
In order to create optimal designs were tested various technologies winding fiberglass shells. On special copra options casings were tested for shock loads. After that they put on the barrel mimic, fired at close range from a vending machine (imitation of actions fragments) and then sent for testing impacts. Action rain imitated specially designed sprinkler, which allowed during the shooting polygon reproduce any rain intensity. Testing the effectiveness of refueling on the action of solar radiation estimated specially designed equipment and sensors ensure accurate temperature measurements in various sections of the trunk under the hood to 0.1 ° C.
Manufacturing technology refueling was worked through, including the development of tooling and special devices for normal unstressed expanding rivets when connecting flanges of metal with plastic housing.
Housing to the MT-12 managed to produce prior to testing the upgraded gun design. Prior to this basic version TCC test the strength during acceptance testing of several dozen series MT-12. No deviation has occurred. Create a variant refueling passed all the tests, and in the double volume.
Came in 1986 - a watershed in working with TCC. As expected, was discontinued MT-12. Reluctance to guide the direction of the institute to take responsibility for organizing the release of tens of thousands for refueling tank guns led to the cessation of work in this direction.
Twenty years have passed. Today, when you look at the advertised surrogate fueling domestic tanks, you know that effective firing range of the cannons armor-piercing projectiles under the impact of the external environment is still lower than that of foreign tanks late 1970s. This means that in the duel battle with BPS foreign tanks and today will be able to conduct effective fire from a distance greater than it can afford domestic tanks. Hence, there is still a lot of work, but it can be to start from scratch.
