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INTRODUCTION
The Soviet Surface to Air Missile (SAM) force operated by the Voyska Protivo-Vozdushnoy Oborony (Voyska PVO or V-PVO) was the backbone of the Soviet / Warsaw Pact air defence system constructed during the Cold War era. The sophistication, depth and breadth of this overlapping and heavily integrated system of surface based air defences had a decisive impact on the evolution of Western air power, and provided the direct impetus for the development of key technologies in air defence penetration, including modern electronic warfare technologies (EW/EWSP/ECM), Terrain Following Radar (TFR), and Very Low Observable (VLO) or stealth technology.
The earliest origins of the V-PVO SAM forces lie in the post World War II Soviet effort to strip occupied Germany and Eastern Europe of as much German technology, design documentation and design personnel as feasible – this was the Soviet mirror activity to the Allied Paperclip effort.
Wasserfall Ferngelenkte FlaRakete (Waterfall Remote-Controlled A-A Rocket) Engine
Amongst the technology so acquired was the German EMW Wasserfall W1, W-5 and W-10 FLA Rakete, which almost achieved operational status, with some German sources claiming that some early trial rounds were successfully launched at allied bombers. The Soviets also acquired samples of the less capable Henschel Hs-117 Schmetterling FLA Rakete design.
The Wasserfall was a direct offshoot of Werner Von Braun’s A-4/V-2 ballistic missile, but was fitted with additional cruciform wings and used an entirely different propellant system as the missiles had to be capable of sitting on a launch pad possibly for days awaiting a target.
The Wasserfall's engine, which later had a profound influence on Russian SAM and ballistic missile propellant design, used a 250 atmosphere nitrogen pressurized self igniting or hypergolic propellant mix, with a Tonka or vinyl isobutyl ether fuel and SV-Stoff (Salbei) oxidiser, the latter comprising 90 per cent nitric acid and 10 per cent sulphuric acid. The missile employed manual radio command uplink guidance, using a radar beacon on the aft of the missile, another design feature which became prominent in Soviet SAMs.
S-25 Berkut / SA-1 Guild
S-25 Berkut / SA-1 Guild Battery Components: V-300 missile round on transporter / gantry loader and B-200 Yo-Yo antenna. The SA-1 was a static system, which shared many design features with the German Wasserfall from which it evolved (via Vestnik PVO)
The first operational strategic SAM system in the world was the Russian S-25 Berkut (NATO: SA-1 Guild). The S-25 was a rail-launched system emplaced at fixed launch sites. The command-guided V-300 missile had a maximum range of 45 kilometers, and a maximum reach of between 4,000 and 14,000 meters in altitude. A 250 kg HE warhead was fitted.
The S-band VNIIRT R-113 Kama (GAGE) radar provided target acquisition to a range of 300 kilometers. The Kama radars were to be used to cue the Article B-200 engagement radars.
S-75 Dvina/Desna/Volkhov / SA-2 Guideline
The S-75 / SA-2 Guideline was the first SAM to be used in anger, en masse, and changed the character of air warfare forever. Depicted Soviet supplied S-75 / SA-2 Guideline and SM-90 launcher operated by Egypt in 1985 (US DoD)
The S-75 (SA-2 Guideline) SAM system was developed by the USSR to provide a semi-mobile, widely deployable SAM system to complement the S-25 system in place around Moscow. Deploying the S-25 across the vast geography of the USSR would have proved to be prohibitive in cost, so a smaller, more compact, and therefore cheaper SAM system was needed for air defense across the USSR and the Warsaw Pact member states. The S-75 remains in widespread use to this day, a testament to the robust design and capability of this Cold-War era SAM system. Chinese-produced derivatives share the same deployment layouts, a testament to their S-75 heritage, and are designated HQ-2.
The S-125 SAM system is a two-stage strategic SAM system. Two missiles are employed, the 5V24 and the 5V27. Both weapons are command guided. The 5V24 missiles possess a 60 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have a range envelope of between 4 and 15 kilometers, with a reach of between 100 and 10,000 meters in altitude. The 5V27 missiles possess an 70 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have ranges between 4 and 25 kilometers with a reach of between 20 and 18,000 meters, depending on the specific variant. The 5V27 can be identified by the addition of two braking fins on the booster coupling section. Upgraded missiles used in Pechora-2 and Pechora-2M systems have a maximum range of 38 kilometers. The X-band RSN-125 (LOW BLOW) radar handles target engagement functions, with a range of 110 kilometers. The RSN-125 has the capability to track 6 targets simultaneously, with the ability to engage a single target at a time.
S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa
The S-125 (NATO: SA-3 Goa) SAM system was developed to provide additional low-altitude coverage in areas already defended by S-25 and S-75 SAM systems. S-125 SAM systems were also deployed in areas identified by the Soviet Military as potential enemy low-altitude ingress routes en-route to high-priority targets. Many S-125 SAM systems remain in operation to this day, and there are numerous modifications available. The most current modification is the Pechora-2M mobile variant.
The S-125 SAM system is a two-stage strategic SAM system. Two missiles are employed, the 5V24 and the 5V27. Both weapons are command guided. The 5V24 missiles possess a 60 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have a range envelope of between 4 and 15 kilometers, with a reach of between 100 and 10,000 meters in altitude. The 5V27 missiles possess an 70 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have ranges between 4 and 25 kilometers with a reach of between 20 and 18,000 meters, depending on the specific variant. The RSN-125 has the capability to track 6 targets simultaneously, with the ability to engage a single target at a time.
The S-200 (SA-5 GAMMON) SAM
The S-200 (NATO: SA-5 Gammon) SAM system is a long-range air defense system designed to defend large areas against the full spectrum of airborne targets, including high-speed and high-altitude aircraft. The S-200 was originally conceived in part to defend against the expected overflights by Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft. The S-200 entered operational service in 1967 and has remained on combat duty in various nations worldwide ever since.
The S-200 SAM system is a long-range strategic SAM system. The FMCW SARH-guided two-stage 5V21 and 5V28 missiles have a 220 kg HE fragmentation warhead. The 5V21 and 5V28 differ from previous Fakel-designed air defense missiles insofar as their first stage is not a jettisonable booster stage, but rather four strap-on rocket motors. The missiles themselves are very large, with lengths of 10.5 meters for the 5V21 and 10.8 meters for the 5V28. Ranges vary from variant to variant, with a maximum of between 150 and 300 kilometers. Minimum ranges are between 7 and 17 kilometers, depending on the variant. Minimum altitude for all variants is 300 meters, with a maximum altitude of between 20,000 and 40,000 meters, depending on the variant.
The V-PVO S-300P/S-400 Family of Strategic SAM Systems
The S-300P SAM (NATO: SA-10 Grumble) family is one of the most advanced and capable operational SAM systems in the world today. The formidable S-300P SAM system was conceived to replace the S-25 / SA-1 Guild S-75 / SA-2 Guideline, S-125 / SA-3 Goa and the S-200 / SA-5 Gammon as the primary medium- to long-range air defense system in the USSR. With the advent of lower-RCS low altitude targets like cruise missiles, legacy systems did not provide adequate capability to defend against attacks by such weapons.
The S-300P is a long-range, mobile strategic SAM system. The system has been produced in numerous variants, and remained in production for export clientele in late 2009. The successor system, the S-400 Triumf, is largely an evolution of the S-300P series, and is now entering the export market. India has shown definitive interest to procure the S-400 system from Russia.
The Antey S-300V / SA-12 Giant/Gladiator SAM System
Antey's S-300V (NATO: SA-12A/B Gladiator/Giant) is the most advanced self propelled tactical SAM system in the world, conceived to provide advancing Soviet army units and fixed site facilities with umbrella air defense against airborne, cruise missile and ballistic missile threats. Despite a long running marketing campaign by Rosoboronexport, the only SA-12 systems operated outside of Russia are those which were stranded inside former Soviet republics when the USSR fell apart. Many of the SA-12 system components are easily identifiable thanks to their unique configurations.
The 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful SAM System
The Tikhomirov NIIP 2K12 Kub (NATO: SA-6 Gainful) one of the most widely used tactical SAM systems in the world. Each 2K12 battery consists of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carries the 1S91 (SURN vehicle, NATO designation "Straight Flush") 25 kW G/H band radar (with a range of 75 km (47 mi)) equipped with a continuous wave illuminator, in addition to an optical sight. The battery usually also includes four triple-missile transporter erector launchers (TELs), and four trucks, each carrying three spare missiles and a crane.
The 9K37/9K317 Buk / SA-11/17 Gadfly/Grizzly SAM System
Tikhomirov's follow on to the 2K12 is the 9K37 Buk (NATO: SA-11 Gadfly) SAM system employing the 9M38 missile. Key system components are the four-rail 9A310 TELAR fitted with the system's 9S35 FIRE DOME X-band engagement radar, the 9A39 loader/launcher vehicle fitted with rails for eight missiles, and the 9S18M1 SNOW DRIFT acquisition radar.
The 50R6 Vityaz Air Defense Missile System
The 50R6 Vityaz Missile System or S-350E is a Russian middle-range surface-to-air missile system developed by GSKB Almaz-Antey. Its purpose is to replace the S-300PS and S-300PT-1A. The system design traces its roots from the joint South Korean/Russian KM-SAM project. The naval version with 9M96E guided missile under development would be called Redut.
The 50R6A Vityaz missile system consists of:
The Soviet Surface to Air Missile (SAM) force operated by the Voyska Protivo-Vozdushnoy Oborony (Voyska PVO or V-PVO) was the backbone of the Soviet / Warsaw Pact air defence system constructed during the Cold War era. The sophistication, depth and breadth of this overlapping and heavily integrated system of surface based air defences had a decisive impact on the evolution of Western air power, and provided the direct impetus for the development of key technologies in air defence penetration, including modern electronic warfare technologies (EW/EWSP/ECM), Terrain Following Radar (TFR), and Very Low Observable (VLO) or stealth technology.
The earliest origins of the V-PVO SAM forces lie in the post World War II Soviet effort to strip occupied Germany and Eastern Europe of as much German technology, design documentation and design personnel as feasible – this was the Soviet mirror activity to the Allied Paperclip effort.
Wasserfall Ferngelenkte FlaRakete (Waterfall Remote-Controlled A-A Rocket) Engine
Amongst the technology so acquired was the German EMW Wasserfall W1, W-5 and W-10 FLA Rakete, which almost achieved operational status, with some German sources claiming that some early trial rounds were successfully launched at allied bombers. The Soviets also acquired samples of the less capable Henschel Hs-117 Schmetterling FLA Rakete design.
The Wasserfall was a direct offshoot of Werner Von Braun’s A-4/V-2 ballistic missile, but was fitted with additional cruciform wings and used an entirely different propellant system as the missiles had to be capable of sitting on a launch pad possibly for days awaiting a target.
The Wasserfall's engine, which later had a profound influence on Russian SAM and ballistic missile propellant design, used a 250 atmosphere nitrogen pressurized self igniting or hypergolic propellant mix, with a Tonka or vinyl isobutyl ether fuel and SV-Stoff (Salbei) oxidiser, the latter comprising 90 per cent nitric acid and 10 per cent sulphuric acid. The missile employed manual radio command uplink guidance, using a radar beacon on the aft of the missile, another design feature which became prominent in Soviet SAMs.
S-25 Berkut / SA-1 Guild
S-25 Berkut / SA-1 Guild Battery Components: V-300 missile round on transporter / gantry loader and B-200 Yo-Yo antenna. The SA-1 was a static system, which shared many design features with the German Wasserfall from which it evolved (via Vestnik PVO)
The first operational strategic SAM system in the world was the Russian S-25 Berkut (NATO: SA-1 Guild). The S-25 was a rail-launched system emplaced at fixed launch sites. The command-guided V-300 missile had a maximum range of 45 kilometers, and a maximum reach of between 4,000 and 14,000 meters in altitude. A 250 kg HE warhead was fitted.
The S-band VNIIRT R-113 Kama (GAGE) radar provided target acquisition to a range of 300 kilometers. The Kama radars were to be used to cue the Article B-200 engagement radars.
S-75 Dvina/Desna/Volkhov / SA-2 Guideline
The S-75 / SA-2 Guideline was the first SAM to be used in anger, en masse, and changed the character of air warfare forever. Depicted Soviet supplied S-75 / SA-2 Guideline and SM-90 launcher operated by Egypt in 1985 (US DoD)
The S-75 (SA-2 Guideline) SAM system was developed by the USSR to provide a semi-mobile, widely deployable SAM system to complement the S-25 system in place around Moscow. Deploying the S-25 across the vast geography of the USSR would have proved to be prohibitive in cost, so a smaller, more compact, and therefore cheaper SAM system was needed for air defense across the USSR and the Warsaw Pact member states. The S-75 remains in widespread use to this day, a testament to the robust design and capability of this Cold-War era SAM system. Chinese-produced derivatives share the same deployment layouts, a testament to their S-75 heritage, and are designated HQ-2.
The S-125 SAM system is a two-stage strategic SAM system. Two missiles are employed, the 5V24 and the 5V27. Both weapons are command guided. The 5V24 missiles possess a 60 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have a range envelope of between 4 and 15 kilometers, with a reach of between 100 and 10,000 meters in altitude. The 5V27 missiles possess an 70 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have ranges between 4 and 25 kilometers with a reach of between 20 and 18,000 meters, depending on the specific variant. The 5V27 can be identified by the addition of two braking fins on the booster coupling section. Upgraded missiles used in Pechora-2 and Pechora-2M systems have a maximum range of 38 kilometers. The X-band RSN-125 (LOW BLOW) radar handles target engagement functions, with a range of 110 kilometers. The RSN-125 has the capability to track 6 targets simultaneously, with the ability to engage a single target at a time.
S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa
The S-125 (NATO: SA-3 Goa) SAM system was developed to provide additional low-altitude coverage in areas already defended by S-25 and S-75 SAM systems. S-125 SAM systems were also deployed in areas identified by the Soviet Military as potential enemy low-altitude ingress routes en-route to high-priority targets. Many S-125 SAM systems remain in operation to this day, and there are numerous modifications available. The most current modification is the Pechora-2M mobile variant.
The S-125 SAM system is a two-stage strategic SAM system. Two missiles are employed, the 5V24 and the 5V27. Both weapons are command guided. The 5V24 missiles possess a 60 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have a range envelope of between 4 and 15 kilometers, with a reach of between 100 and 10,000 meters in altitude. The 5V27 missiles possess an 70 kilogram HE fragmentation warhead, and have ranges between 4 and 25 kilometers with a reach of between 20 and 18,000 meters, depending on the specific variant. The RSN-125 has the capability to track 6 targets simultaneously, with the ability to engage a single target at a time.
The S-200 (SA-5 GAMMON) SAM
The S-200 (NATO: SA-5 Gammon) SAM system is a long-range air defense system designed to defend large areas against the full spectrum of airborne targets, including high-speed and high-altitude aircraft. The S-200 was originally conceived in part to defend against the expected overflights by Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft. The S-200 entered operational service in 1967 and has remained on combat duty in various nations worldwide ever since.
The S-200 SAM system is a long-range strategic SAM system. The FMCW SARH-guided two-stage 5V21 and 5V28 missiles have a 220 kg HE fragmentation warhead. The 5V21 and 5V28 differ from previous Fakel-designed air defense missiles insofar as their first stage is not a jettisonable booster stage, but rather four strap-on rocket motors. The missiles themselves are very large, with lengths of 10.5 meters for the 5V21 and 10.8 meters for the 5V28. Ranges vary from variant to variant, with a maximum of between 150 and 300 kilometers. Minimum ranges are between 7 and 17 kilometers, depending on the variant. Minimum altitude for all variants is 300 meters, with a maximum altitude of between 20,000 and 40,000 meters, depending on the variant.
The V-PVO S-300P/S-400 Family of Strategic SAM Systems
The S-300P SAM (NATO: SA-10 Grumble) family is one of the most advanced and capable operational SAM systems in the world today. The formidable S-300P SAM system was conceived to replace the S-25 / SA-1 Guild S-75 / SA-2 Guideline, S-125 / SA-3 Goa and the S-200 / SA-5 Gammon as the primary medium- to long-range air defense system in the USSR. With the advent of lower-RCS low altitude targets like cruise missiles, legacy systems did not provide adequate capability to defend against attacks by such weapons.
The S-300P is a long-range, mobile strategic SAM system. The system has been produced in numerous variants, and remained in production for export clientele in late 2009. The successor system, the S-400 Triumf, is largely an evolution of the S-300P series, and is now entering the export market. India has shown definitive interest to procure the S-400 system from Russia.
The Antey S-300V / SA-12 Giant/Gladiator SAM System
Antey's S-300V (NATO: SA-12A/B Gladiator/Giant) is the most advanced self propelled tactical SAM system in the world, conceived to provide advancing Soviet army units and fixed site facilities with umbrella air defense against airborne, cruise missile and ballistic missile threats. Despite a long running marketing campaign by Rosoboronexport, the only SA-12 systems operated outside of Russia are those which were stranded inside former Soviet republics when the USSR fell apart. Many of the SA-12 system components are easily identifiable thanks to their unique configurations.
The 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful SAM System
The Tikhomirov NIIP 2K12 Kub (NATO: SA-6 Gainful) one of the most widely used tactical SAM systems in the world. Each 2K12 battery consists of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carries the 1S91 (SURN vehicle, NATO designation "Straight Flush") 25 kW G/H band radar (with a range of 75 km (47 mi)) equipped with a continuous wave illuminator, in addition to an optical sight. The battery usually also includes four triple-missile transporter erector launchers (TELs), and four trucks, each carrying three spare missiles and a crane.
The 9K37/9K317 Buk / SA-11/17 Gadfly/Grizzly SAM System
Tikhomirov's follow on to the 2K12 is the 9K37 Buk (NATO: SA-11 Gadfly) SAM system employing the 9M38 missile. Key system components are the four-rail 9A310 TELAR fitted with the system's 9S35 FIRE DOME X-band engagement radar, the 9A39 loader/launcher vehicle fitted with rails for eight missiles, and the 9S18M1 SNOW DRIFT acquisition radar.
The 50R6 Vityaz Air Defense Missile System
The 50R6 Vityaz Missile System or S-350E is a Russian middle-range surface-to-air missile system developed by GSKB Almaz-Antey. Its purpose is to replace the S-300PS and S-300PT-1A. The system design traces its roots from the joint South Korean/Russian KM-SAM project. The naval version with 9M96E guided missile under development would be called Redut.
The 50R6A Vityaz missile system consists of:
- 50N6A multifunctional radar station with Active electronically scanned array 1-2. Functions - early detection, target illumination and missile guidance.Sector of work 360°
- 50K6A command post, fully autonomous combat work with interaction with other remote systems 1
- 50P6 launcher 1-8 (12-96 missiles).
- 9M96/9M96E(E2) Guided SA missiles passive guidance and other missiles with active homing guidance. 12 - 120 km. Aerodynamic control surfaces and jet engines of control surfaces
- 9M100 10 - 15 km. The infrared active homing. Aerodynamic control surfaces and jet engines of control. Maximum maneuver G 60-20. surfaces
source-indian defence news
