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XI century, the Persian who discovered America

Ceylal

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OUZBÉKISTANXIe siècle – Le Persan qui a découvert l’Amérique
Abu Rehan Al-Biruni, lettré musulman, aurait peut-être découvert leNouveau Monde des siècles avant Christophe Colomb, grâce à la seule puissance de ses calculs.
1207-Eclipse.jpg
Al-Biruni, érudit de génie, était un touche-à-tout. Outre l’existence d’un autre continent, il s’était également intéressé aux phases de la Lune, comme le prouve cette illustration de sa main provenant d’un de ses ouvrages.Photo DR
Depuis plus de cent ans, universitaires, passionnés et farfelus se posent la question : qui a vraiment découvert l’Amérique ? Certaines théories, totalement excentriques, évoquent la présence de Phéniciens à Rhode Island, ou de Chinois dans ce qui n’était pas encore la baie de SanFrancisco. Dans les années 1950, Thor Heyerdahl, anthropologue et navigateur norvégien haut en couleur, affirmait que les Péruviens, à bord de voiliers en balsa, faisaient régulièrement l’aller-retour entre les Amériques et la Polynésie, longtemps avant que Christophe Colomb ne prenne la mer.

Plus sérieusement, des spécialistes scandinaves se sont penchés sur les sagas nordiques, en quête de preuves de l’antériorité de la découverte des côtes nord-américaines par leurs ancêtres. L’histoire des Vikings fendant les flots à bord de leurs navires pour explorer et coloniser le Groenland est aujourd’hui bien connue. Elle a été confirmée par des fouilles archéologiques le long du littoral groenlandais. Au début du XXe siècle, le professeur norvégien Gustav Storm a aussi démontréque les hommes du Nord avaient effectué plusieurs voyages jusqu’au Canada, vers des contrées qu’ils avaient baptisées Markland (le sud de l’actuel Labrador), Helluland (l’île de Baffin) et Vinland (la Nouvelle-Ecosse).

A peu près à l’époque où les Vikings exploraient le Groenland, une découverte d’un autre genre se déroulait loin de tout océan. Depuis des milliers d’années, des négociants venus de ce qui est aujourd’hui l’Ouzbékistan, le Turkménistan et l’Afghanistan convoyaient des marchandises dans de longues caravanes parcourant l’Eurasie. Rentrés chez eux, ces marchands d’Asie centrale racontaient leurs aventures, consignant des informations détaillées sur la géographie et le climat des terres qu’ils avaient visitées, des récits qui étaient ensuite rassemblés et étudiés par des lettrés locaux.

Le plus brillant de ces érudits était Abu Rehan Al-Biruni (973-1048). Né à Kath, près de la mer d’Aral, il s’était dans sa jeunesse familiarisé avec les mathématiques, l’astronomie, la minéralogie, la géographie, la cartographie, la géométrie et la trigonométrie. Il parlait le persan, l’arabe et le chorasmien, la langue de la dynastie sunnite qui régnait alors sur une grande partie de l’Iran. Par la suite, il apprit également le sanskrit.

L’astrologie d’Abu Rehan Al-Biruni


A 17 ans, Biruni calcule la latitude et la longitude de Kath. Puis, s’aidant de sources grecques antiques, il collecte des données géographiques sur le monde méditerranéen, auxquelles il entreprend d’ajouter les coordonnées d’autres lieux situés aux quatre points cardinaux. Ayant lu des auteurs antiques comme Claude Ptolémée (90-168 de notre ère), mais s’inspirant aussi de sources plus récentes et de ses propres observations sur le terrain, il en déduit que la Terre est ronde. A l’âge de 30 ans, il fait appel aux systèmes les plus sophistiqués de son temps pour en calculer la circonférence précise.

Arrivé à la conclusion que la Terre est une sphère, il entreprend de placer sur la nouvelle carte du monde qu’il dresse tous les endroits connus à son époque. C’est là qu’il s’aperçoit que, selon ses calculs, toute la masse eurasienne, du point le plus occidental de l’Afrique au point le plus oriental de Chine, ne représente que deux cinquièmes du globe. Qu’y a-t-il sur les trois cinquièmes restants ? La plupart des géographes, de l’Antiquité jusqu’au XIe siècle, considéraient que le continent eurasiatique était entouré d’un “Océan mondial”. Mais un monde ainsi couvert d’eau ne risque-t-il pas d’être déséquilibré ? Biruni en conclut qu’un ou plusieurs autres continents doivent exister. Ces terres sont-elles des déserts sauvages ou abritent-elles des populations ? Se replongeant dans ses données sur les latitudes et les longitudes de lieux connus, il constate que l’homme peuple une vaste bande nord-sud qui va de la Russie au sud de l’Inde et au cœur de l’Afrique.

C’est en 1037 que Biruni parvient à ses conclusions historiques quant à l’existence du Nouveau Monde, en se fondant sur ses recherches menées pendant trente ans. Peut-on dire qu’il a découvert l’Amérique durant le premier tiers du XIe siècle ? En un sens, non, bien sûr. Il n’a jamais posé les yeux sur le Nouveau Monde ni sur les continents dont il parle dans ses écrits. Alors que les Vikings, eux, ont bel et bien débarqué en Amériquedu Nord un peu avant l’an 1000, même s’ils n’ont pas compris à l’époque ce qu’ils venaient de trouver. Mais Biruni mérite au moins autant qu’eux le titre de découvreur de l’Amérique. Surtout que le processus intellectuel par lequel il a fini par conclure à l’existence d’un nouveau continent n’est pas moins époustouflant que ses conclusions elles-mêmes. Car plutôt que les méthodes de navigation aléatoires des marins vikings, il a usé d’une habile combinaison d’observations méticuleuses, de données quantitatives soigneusement collectées et de logique rigoureuse. Il faudra attendre encore près cinq siècles avant qu’une analyse aussi rigoureuse soit appliquée à l’exploration du monde.

S. Frederick Starr

eleventh century - The Persian who discovered America
Abu Rehan Al-Biruni, a Muslim scholar, may have discovered the New World centuries before Columbus, with the sole power of his calculations.
  • DECEMBER 31, 2013
  • | 0
  • SHARE:
1207-Eclipse.jpg
Al-Biruni, a scholar of genius, was a jack-of-all. In addition to the existence of another continent, he was also interested in the phases of the Moon, as shown by this illustration of his hand from one of his books. Photo DR
For over a hundred years, academics, enthusiasts and wacky pose the question: Who really discovered America? Some theories, eccentric fully evoke the presence of Phoenicians in Rhode Island, or Chinese in what was not yet the bay of San Francisco. In 1950, Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian anthropologist and browser colorful, said that Peruvians aboard sailboats balsa, were regularly back and forth between the Americas and Polynesia, long before Columbus takes the sea Seriously, Scandinavian specialists have studied the Nordic sagas, in search of evidence of prior discovery coast North American by their ancestors. The history of the Vikings splitting the waves aboard their ships to explore and colonize Greenland is now well known. It has been confirmed by archaeological excavations along the Greenland coast. At the beginning of XX th century, the Norwegian Professor Gustav Storm has also shown that men of the North had made several trips to Canada, to lands they named Markland (southern Labrador Current) Helluland ( Baffin Island) and Vinland (Nova Scotia). At about the time the Vikings explored Greenland, a discovery of a different kind took place far from any ocean. For thousands of years, merchants from what is now Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan ferrying goods in long caravans traversing Eurasia. Returned home, the merchants' s Central Asia recounted their adventures, recording detailed information on the geography and climate of the land they had visited, stories which were then collected and studied by scholars of local information. The brightest of these scholars was Abu Rehan Al-Biruni (973-1048). Born in Kath, near the Aral Sea, he had in his youth familiar with the mathematics, astronomy, mineralogy, geography, mapping, geometry and trigonometry. He spoke Persian, Arabic and chorasmien, the language of the Sunni dynasty that reigned over much of Iran. Thereafter, he also learned Sanskrit. Astrology Abu Rehan Al-Biruni










At 17, Biruni calculated the latitude and longitude of Kath. Then, helping ancient Greek sources, collection of geographical data in the Mediterranean world, which he began to add the coordinates to other places at the four cardinal points. Having read ancient authors such as Ptolemy (90-168 AD), but also drawing on more recent sources and its own field observations, he deduced that the Earth is round. At the age of 30, he uses the most sophisticated of his time systems to calculate the precise circumference. arrived at the conclusion that the Earth is a sphere, he began to put on the new map of the world that stands all known places in his time. This is where he finds that, according to his calculations, the entire Eurasian mass, the westernmost point of Africa's most eastern point of China, is only two-fifths of the globe. What he has on the remaining three-fifths? Most geographers, from Antiquity to the XI th century, believed that the Eurasian continent was surrounded by a "World Ocean". But such a world covered with water does not he may be unbalanced? Biruni concluded that one or more other continents must exist. These lands are they wild deserts or support populations they?Plunging into its data on latitudes and longitudes of known places, he finds that the man people a broad north-south strip that runs from Russia to southern India and the heart of Africa. It Biruni in 1037 that reaches its historical conclusions about the existence of the New World, based on his research for thirty years. Can we say he discovered America during the first third of the XI th century? In a sense, no, of course. He never laid eyes on the New World continents or on which he speaks in his writings. While the Vikings, they have indeed landed in AmericaNorth shortly before the year 1000, even if they did not understand at the time what they had found. Biruni but deserves at least as much as they the title of discoverer of America. Especially the intellectual process by which he eventually concluded that the existence of a new continent is no less stunning than its conclusions themselves. Because rather than the methods of random navigation marine vikings, he used a clever combination of meticulous observations, carefully collected quantitative data and rigorous logic. It took another nearly five centuries before a rigorous analysis is also applied to the exploration of the world. - S.Frederick Starr Published December History Today (excerpts) London





 
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Iranian heroes again always kick ***

Still kick *** at science even under JEW embargo
 
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@Ceylal
Very Interesting, Biruni was one of the true genius scientists of all times. Can you provide an english version of the French part of the article? Thanks

Iranian heroes again always kick ***

Still kick *** at science even under JEW embargo

Stop trolling, your attitude is disgusting. do not meddle every where that the name of Iran is mentioned.
 
. .
Too much.....:rofl::rofl::rofl:

Did you read the article Mr. Troll? I am sure you have not.
Anyway, just read this part:
At 17, Biruni calculated the latitude and longitude of Kath. Then, helping ancient Greek sources, collection of geographical data in the Mediterranean world, which he began to add the coordinates to other places at the four cardinal points. Having read ancient authors such as Ptolemy (90-168 AD), but also drawing on more recent sources and its own field observations, he deduced that the Earth is round. At the age of 30, he uses the most sophisticated of his time systems to calculate the precise circumference. arrived at the conclusion that the Earth is a sphere, he began to put on the new map of the world that stands all known places in his time. This is where he finds that, according to his calculations, the entire Eurasian mass, the westernmost point of Africa's most eastern point of China, is only two-fifths of the globe. What he has on the remaining three-fifths? Most geographers, from Antiquity to the XI th century, believed that the Eurasian continent was surrounded by a "World Ocean". But such a world covered with water does not he may be unbalanced? Biruni concluded that one or more other continents must exist. These lands are they wild deserts or support populations they?Plunging into its data on latitudes and longitudes of known places, he finds that the man people a broad north-south strip that runs from Russia to southern India and the heart of Africa. It Biruni in 1037 that reaches its historical conclusions about the existence of the New World, based on his research for thirty years. Can we say he discovered America during the first third of the XI th century? In a sense, no, of course. He never laid eyes on the New World continents or on which he speaks in his writings. While the Vikings, they have indeed landed in AmericaNorth shortly before the year 1000, even if they did not understand at the time what they had found. Biruni but deserves at least as much as they the title of discoverer of America. Especially the intellectual process by which he eventually concluded that the existence of a new continent is no less stunning than its conclusions themselves. Because rather than the methods of random navigation marine vikings, he used a clever combination of meticulous observations, carefully collected quantitative data and rigorous logic. It took another nearly five centuries before a rigorous analysis is also applied to the exploration of the world. - S.Frederick Starr Published December History Today (excerpts) London
 
.
Iranian heroes again always kick ***

Still kick *** at science even under JEW embargo

Man you are really hilarious! I would love to see you one day -- I am dead serious.

You have had it with the jews my friend. Don't worry about it and leave them to us. We have got such a mutual "love" that will keep you happy for the rest of your life.
 
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Man you are really hilarious! I would love to see you one day -- I am dead serious.

You have had it with the jews my friend. Don't worry about it and leave them to us. We have got such a mutual "love" that will keep you happy for the rest of your life.

:lol:

In all seriousness then this is interesting. I have not read anything other than the title of the thread but did he actually visit the Americas (can't be the case) or just use some ancient Greek maps and from there on he concluded that there must be some land in the West?

I have also heard that the Vikings actually managed to reach Northern America some 1000 years ago or so and that there were immigrations before that. Something about the "white man" reaching the Americas before the Indians did it from Russia/Siberia.

Not sure if this is serious or just a rumor.
 
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A Muslim traveller of the past is said to have wrote a book by the name of 'Beyond the Fog' which apparently describes his visits to America(s) long before the continents were colonised by non-Americans.
 
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A Muslim traveller of the past is said to have wrote a book by the name of 'Beyond the Fog' which apparently describes his visits to America(s) long before the continents were colonised by non-Americans.

Who could that be? I don't think that any Muslim traveller ever stepped food on the Americas before Columbus did so 500 years ago or so.

I know that the Arabs in Al-Andalus centuries before Columbus (they conquered Al-Andalus nearly 800 years before Columbus discovered the Americas) were of the conviction that there was more land more westwards but it never materialized into anything concrete.

The fellow Semitic Phoenicians who were the first real global citizens of this world and a great seafaring civilization (they founded many cities bordering the Mediterranean Sea from Spain to North Africa to Italy etc.) probably had a similar feeling.
But I still remember reading about some claim of ancient Caucasian peoples settling in the Americas before the Indians arrived from Russia/Siberia/East.

How accurate this is I don't know.
 
.
@Ceylal
Very Interesting, Biruni was one of the true genius scientists of all times. Can you provide an english version of the French part of the article? Thanks



Stop trolling, your attitude is disgusting. do not meddle every where that the name of Iran is mentioned.
The last part is the translation of the french ...I found it very interesting..
 
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Mel Gibson think in Apocalypto way.....
 
.
Man you are really hilarious! I would love to see you one day -- I am dead serious.

You have had it with the jews my friend. Don't worry about it and leave them to us. We have got such a mutual "love" that will keep you happy for the rest of your life.
No you can't. She is belong to @al-Hasani boy :yahoo::taz: She is my favourite member though.
 
. .
OUZBÉKISTANXIe siècle – Le Persan qui a découvert l’Amérique
Abu Rehan Al-Biruni, lettré musulman, aurait peut-être découvert leNouveau Monde des siècles avant Christophe Colomb, grâce à la seule puissance de ses calculs.
1207-Eclipse.jpg
Al-Biruni, érudit de génie, était un touche-à-tout. Outre l’existence d’un autre continent, il s’était également intéressé aux phases de la Lune, comme le prouve cette illustration de sa main provenant d’un de ses ouvrages.Photo DR
Depuis plus de cent ans, universitaires, passionnés et farfelus se posent la question : qui a vraiment découvert l’Amérique ? Certaines théories, totalement excentriques, évoquent la présence de Phéniciens à Rhode Island, ou de Chinois dans ce qui n’était pas encore la baie de SanFrancisco. Dans les années 1950, Thor Heyerdahl, anthropologue et navigateur norvégien haut en couleur, affirmait que les Péruviens, à bord de voiliers en balsa, faisaient régulièrement l’aller-retour entre les Amériques et la Polynésie, longtemps avant que Christophe Colomb ne prenne la mer.

Plus sérieusement, des spécialistes scandinaves se sont penchés sur les sagas nordiques, en quête de preuves de l’antériorité de la découverte des côtes nord-américaines par leurs ancêtres. L’histoire des Vikings fendant les flots à bord de leurs navires pour explorer et coloniser le Groenland est aujourd’hui bien connue. Elle a été confirmée par des fouilles archéologiques le long du littoral groenlandais. Au début du XXe siècle, le professeur norvégien Gustav Storm a aussi démontréque les hommes du Nord avaient effectué plusieurs voyages jusqu’au Canada, vers des contrées qu’ils avaient baptisées Markland (le sud de l’actuel Labrador), Helluland (l’île de Baffin) et Vinland (la Nouvelle-Ecosse).

A peu près à l’époque où les Vikings exploraient le Groenland, une découverte d’un autre genre se déroulait loin de tout océan. Depuis des milliers d’années, des négociants venus de ce qui est aujourd’hui l’Ouzbékistan, le Turkménistan et l’Afghanistan convoyaient des marchandises dans de longues caravanes parcourant l’Eurasie. Rentrés chez eux, ces marchands d’Asie centrale racontaient leurs aventures, consignant des informations détaillées sur la géographie et le climat des terres qu’ils avaient visitées, des récits qui étaient ensuite rassemblés et étudiés par des lettrés locaux.

Le plus brillant de ces érudits était Abu Rehan Al-Biruni (973-1048). Né à Kath, près de la mer d’Aral, il s’était dans sa jeunesse familiarisé avec les mathématiques, l’astronomie, la minéralogie, la géographie, la cartographie, la géométrie et la trigonométrie. Il parlait le persan, l’arabe et le chorasmien, la langue de la dynastie sunnite qui régnait alors sur une grande partie de l’Iran. Par la suite, il apprit également le sanskrit.

L’astrologie d’Abu Rehan Al-Biruni


A 17 ans, Biruni calcule la latitude et la longitude de Kath. Puis, s’aidant de sources grecques antiques, il collecte des données géographiques sur le monde méditerranéen, auxquelles il entreprend d’ajouter les coordonnées d’autres lieux situés aux quatre points cardinaux. Ayant lu des auteurs antiques comme Claude Ptolémée (90-168 de notre ère), mais s’inspirant aussi de sources plus récentes et de ses propres observations sur le terrain, il en déduit que la Terre est ronde. A l’âge de 30 ans, il fait appel aux systèmes les plus sophistiqués de son temps pour en calculer la circonférence précise.

Arrivé à la conclusion que la Terre est une sphère, il entreprend de placer sur la nouvelle carte du monde qu’il dresse tous les endroits connus à son époque. C’est là qu’il s’aperçoit que, selon ses calculs, toute la masse eurasienne, du point le plus occidental de l’Afrique au point le plus oriental de Chine, ne représente que deux cinquièmes du globe. Qu’y a-t-il sur les trois cinquièmes restants ? La plupart des géographes, de l’Antiquité jusqu’au XIe siècle, considéraient que le continent eurasiatique était entouré d’un “Océan mondial”. Mais un monde ainsi couvert d’eau ne risque-t-il pas d’être déséquilibré ? Biruni en conclut qu’un ou plusieurs autres continents doivent exister. Ces terres sont-elles des déserts sauvages ou abritent-elles des populations ? Se replongeant dans ses données sur les latitudes et les longitudes de lieux connus, il constate que l’homme peuple une vaste bande nord-sud qui va de la Russie au sud de l’Inde et au cœur de l’Afrique.

C’est en 1037 que Biruni parvient à ses conclusions historiques quant à l’existence du Nouveau Monde, en se fondant sur ses recherches menées pendant trente ans. Peut-on dire qu’il a découvert l’Amérique durant le premier tiers du XIe siècle ? En un sens, non, bien sûr. Il n’a jamais posé les yeux sur le Nouveau Monde ni sur les continents dont il parle dans ses écrits. Alors que les Vikings, eux, ont bel et bien débarqué en Amériquedu Nord un peu avant l’an 1000, même s’ils n’ont pas compris à l’époque ce qu’ils venaient de trouver. Mais Biruni mérite au moins autant qu’eux le titre de découvreur de l’Amérique. Surtout que le processus intellectuel par lequel il a fini par conclure à l’existence d’un nouveau continent n’est pas moins époustouflant que ses conclusions elles-mêmes. Car plutôt que les méthodes de navigation aléatoires des marins vikings, il a usé d’une habile combinaison d’observations méticuleuses, de données quantitatives soigneusement collectées et de logique rigoureuse. Il faudra attendre encore près cinq siècles avant qu’une analyse aussi rigoureuse soit appliquée à l’exploration du monde.

S. Frederick Starr
eleventh century - The Persian who discovered America
Abu Rehan Al-Biruni, a Muslim scholar, may have discovered the New World centuries before Columbus, with the sole power of his calculations.




    • DECEMBER 31, 2013
    • | 0
    • SHARE:

1207-Eclipse.jpg
Al-Biruni, a scholar of genius, was a jack-of-all. In addition to the existence of another continent, he was also interested in the phases of the Moon, as shown by this illustration of his hand from one of his books. Photo DR
For over a hundred years, academics, enthusiasts and wacky pose the question: Who really discovered America? Some theories, eccentric fully evoke the presence of Phoenicians in Rhode Island, or Chinese in what was not yet the bay of San Francisco. In 1950, Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian anthropologist and browser colorful, said that Peruvians aboard sailboats balsa, were regularly back and forth between the Americas and Polynesia, long before Columbus takes the sea Seriously, Scandinavian specialists have studied the Nordic sagas, in search of evidence of prior discovery coast North American by their ancestors. The history of the Vikings splitting the waves aboard their ships to explore and colonize Greenland is now well known. It has been confirmed by archaeological excavations along the Greenland coast. At the beginning of XX th century, the Norwegian Professor Gustav Storm has also shown that men of the North had made several trips to Canada, to lands they named Markland (southern Labrador Current) Helluland ( Baffin Island) and Vinland (Nova Scotia). At about the time the Vikings explored Greenland, a discovery of a different kind took place far from any ocean. For thousands of years, merchants from what is now Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan ferrying goods in long caravans traversing Eurasia. Returned home, the merchants' s Central Asia recounted their adventures, recording detailed information on the geography and climate of the land they had visited, stories which were then collected and studied by scholars of local information. The brightest of these scholars was Abu Rehan Al-Biruni (973-1048). Born in Kath, near the Aral Sea, he had in his youth familiar with the mathematics, astronomy, mineralogy, geography, mapping, geometry and trigonometry. He spoke Persian, Arabic and chorasmien, the language of the Sunni dynasty that reigned over much of Iran. Thereafter, he also learned Sanskrit. Astrology Abu Rehan Al-Biruni






At 17, Biruni calculated the latitude and longitude of Kath. Then, helping ancient Greek sources, collection of geographical data in the Mediterranean world, which he began to add the coordinates to other places at the four cardinal points. Having read ancient authors such as Ptolemy (90-168 AD), but also drawing on more recent sources and its own field observations, he deduced that the Earth is round. At the age of 30, he uses the most sophisticated of his time systems to calculate the precise circumference. arrived at the conclusion that the Earth is a sphere, he began to put on the new map of the world that stands all known places in his time. This is where he finds that, according to his calculations, the entire Eurasian mass, the westernmost point of Africa's most eastern point of China, is only two-fifths of the globe. What he has on the remaining three-fifths? Most geographers, from Antiquity to the XI th century, believed that the Eurasian continent was surrounded by a "World Ocean". But such a world covered with water does not he may be unbalanced? Biruni concluded that one or more other continents must exist. These lands are they wild deserts or support populations they?Plunging into its data on latitudes and longitudes of known places, he finds that the man people a broad north-south strip that runs from Russia to southern India and the heart of Africa. It Biruni in 1037 that reaches its historical conclusions about the existence of the New World, based on his research for thirty years. Can we say he discovered America during the first third of the XI th century? In a sense, no, of course. He never laid eyes on the New World continents or on which he speaks in his writings. While the Vikings, they have indeed landed in AmericaNorth shortly before the year 1000, even if they did not understand at the time what they had found. Biruni but deserves at least as much as they the title of discoverer of America. Especially the intellectual process by which he eventually concluded that the existence of a new continent is no less stunning than its conclusions themselves. Because rather than the methods of random navigation marine vikings, he used a clever combination of meticulous observations, carefully collected quantitative data and rigorous logic. It took another nearly five centuries before a rigorous analysis is also applied to the exploration of the world. - S.Frederick Starr Published December History Today (excerpts) London


The contribution of persians in building islamic civilisation is immense without doubt. Only one scholar such as Al-Bukhori has explained it all. Not to mention other great scholars.
 
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