The myth about the Great Famine

[magic-007]

邓小平人也是够残忍和邪恶，一个计划生育，弄得很多人家破人亡。



PDF 里 脑残的人很多。

There still people denying GLF, dont believe just scroll up this thread.

you dont too self-righteous（自以为是），think youself is ture and others is aways wrong .兼听则明，懂吗？

 

[TaiShang]

HIGH-YIELDING TECHNOLOGIES IN CHINA
Qian Qian

China National Rice Research Institute

ABSTRACT
Increasing crop yield is a major challenge for modern agriculture. In China hybrid rice has contributed greatly
to the self-sufficiency of food supply. To meet the future demand for rice production, a series of national
programs on super-rice breeding, functional genomics and GM breeding have been established in China since
1996. We have cloned some important high yield-related genes, IPA1 (Ideal Plant Architecture 1),
DEP1(dense and erect panicle 1), GIF1(grain-filling 1), Ghd7(grain weight, plant height and heading date)
and GW2(grain width 2). The development of new plant type of IPA, has been proposed as a means to
enhance rice yield potential over that of existing high-yield varieties. IPA1, a semidominant quantitative trait
locus, profoundly changes rice plant architecture and substantially enhances rice grain yield. IPA1 encodes
OsSPL14 (SOUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 14) and is regulated by microRNA
(miRNA) OsmiR156 in vivo. We demonstrate that a point mutation in OsSPL14 perturbs OsmiR156-directed
regulation of OsSPL14, generating an ‘ideal’ rice plant with a reduced tiller number, increased lodging
resistance and enhanced grain yield. So these yield genes have been used in super-rice and GM breeding to
improve rice grain yield. Actual yield of a japonica rice variety XS11-ipa1 could increase 10% over its CK
XS11

Full text: http://jircas-d.job.affrc.go.jp/Ver-1/english/files/2012/10/admin/2011-session-31.pdf

 

[gambit]

The Chinese members will work their hardest in trying to deny this horror its proper place in world, not just Chinese, history. Not only that, they pretty much said the ICBMs of today would not be possible unless those millions of Chinese died under Mao.

Now...Imagine if the Americans on this forum loudly declare that modern day US would not be possible unless blacks were enslaved, never mind that of all the millions of enslaved blacks shipped to the Western Hemisphere, less than 400,00 made US soil and the rest went to Central/South America.

This forum would practically explode with moral outrage. Each representative from the different countries on this forum would take turns on the moral soapbox denouncing the US and its citizens on this forum.

But if Mao killed tens of millions of Chinese dead to pay for a few ICBMs -- it is a good thing to be applauded.

 

[magic-007]

The Chinese members will work their hardest in trying to deny this horror its proper place in world, not just Chinese, history. Not only that, they pretty much said the ICBMs of today would not be possible unless those millions of Chinese died under Mao.

Now...Imagine if the Americans on this forum loudly declare that modern day US would not be possible unless blacks were enslaved, never mind that of all the millions of enslaved blacks shipped to the Western Hemisphere, less than 400,00 made US soil and the rest went to Central/South America.

This forum would practically explode with moral outrage. Each representative from the different countries on this forum would take turns on the moral soapbox denouncing the US and its citizens on this forum.

But if Mao killed tens of millions of Chinese dead to pay for a few ICBMs -- it is a good thing to be applauded.

you american is very smart human being and you represent god's thought , the men of god said what is what .silly chinese dare not deny.

 

[TaiShang]

World's largest grain producers (2012)

Corn:
Country Production (Mt)
United States 316.2
China 177.5
Brazil 56.1

Rice:
Country Production (Mt)
China 197.2
India 120.6
Indonesia 66.4

Wheat:
Country Production (Mt)
China 115.2
India 80.7
United States 60.1

 

[JSCh]

China never deny that Great Leap Forward is a mistake. But it is an honest mistake.

Repeatedly chanting Mao kills/murder million is a propaganda rhetoric that imply it is intentional. Nobody gain from the mass death of Chinese people. In fact, Mao got punish because of it.

China is under tremendous pressure at the time, and is too eager to get industrialized. The unexpected combination of population pressure, adjustment/adaptation to new ideology driven policy change, severe natural disaster, disruption to industry because of the Sino-Soviet split proved too much.

On hindsight, the policy look risky. But we are all Einstein with hindsight.

What you see in China today do not come easy. Millions have fallen. All we can do is to appreciate and make sure that their sacrifice are not in vain.

Playing the blaming game for political propaganda purposes is counter-productive.

 

[TaiShang]

China never deny that Great Leap Forward is a mistake. But it is an honest mistake.

Repeatedly chanting Mao kills/murder million is a propaganda rhetoric that imply it is intentional. Nobody gain from the mass death of Chinese people. In fact, Mao got punish because of it.

China is under tremendous pressure at the time, and is too eager to get industrialized. The unexpected combination of population pressure, adjustment/adaptation to new ideology driven policy change, severe natural disaster, disruption to industry because of the Sino-Soviet split proved too much.

On hindsight, the policy look risky. But we are all Einstein with hindsight.

What you see in China today do not come easy. Millions have fallen. All we can do is to appreciate and make sure that their sacrifice are not in vain.

Playing the blaming game for political propaganda purposes is counter-productive.

Indeed. Let's upheld scientific development as the true path of China and, in this route to progress, ignore the trolls and hate-mongers that still live in history.

Interesting to see that some of the most ardent haters of China are those whose own kids suffer and die in million from hunger and malnutrition. I do not even cite the lack of clean water.


***


The second generation of hybrid rice in China - L.P. Yuan
China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, Changsha Province, China

STRATEGY OF HYBRID RICE BREEDING

The development of hybrid rice breeding may be divided into the following phases:

• In terms of breeding methodology there are three approaches:
  
  - Three-line method or CMS system
  - Two-line method or PGMS and TGMS system
  - One-line method or apomixis system
  
  
• For increasing the degree of heterosis, i.e. yield potential, the exploitation of heterosis in rice may be divided into three levels:
  
  - Intervarietal hybrids
  - Intersubspecific hybrids (indica/japonica hybrids)
  - Distant heterosis (using yield enhancing genes from other species or genera)
• 
  
• Each of the phases marks a new breakthrough in rice breeding and will result in a marked increase in rice yield if it is attained.

The existing rice hybrid varieties used in commercial production belong mainly to the category of intervarietal hybrids using the CMS system. Experience gained over many years proves that CMS can still play an important role in the future, although the system is not free from constraints and problems:

• The yield of the existing three-line intervarietal hybrids including newly developed ones has been stagnant for years. Their average yield per hectare nationwide reached 6.6 tonnes in the late 1980s, but has remained at around 6.8 tonnes in recent years. A yield plateau has been reached and yield potential cannot be further increased without the invention and adoption of new methods and novel materials.
  
  
• The sources of male-sterility-inducing cytoplasm for developing better CMS lines are poor. At present, about 85 percent of the CMS lines used in commercial production still belong to “WA” type. This may make the hybrid rice susceptible to a sudden outbreak of insect pests.

RECENT PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

In the field of rice heterosis breeding, many Chinese rice scientists have attempted to explore new technological approaches for increasing the yield potential of rice. The most successful attempt to date has been the development of intersubspecific (indica/japonica) hybrids using the two-line method plus morphological improvement. It represents a new phase of hybrid rice breeding in China.

Experiments, large-scale demonstration and commercial production have all proved that the two-line intersubspecific hybrid rice (referred to by the media as “super hybrid rice”) can outyield high-yielding three-line intervarietal hybrid rice by around 20 percent. For example, in 2000, the pioneer combination, P64S/9311, gave an average yield of 10.5 t/ha when it was tested in 20 locations. The size of the test plot was 6.7 ha/location. The average yield of this hybrid in commercial production was 9.6 t/ha (240 000 ha) in 2000 and 9.2 t/ha (1.2 million ha [Mha]) in 2001. Another combination, P64S/E32, yielded a record 17.1 t/ha in an experimental plot (720 m2) in 1999.

There has been a breakthrough in the breeding of early-season hybrid rice. A newly developed short-growth-duration two-line indica/japonica hybrid is being demonstrated: the area under demonstration is 7 ha and it is estimated that the average yield is 9.5 t/ha, which may outyield CK1 (three-line intervarietal hybrid) and CK2 (inbred variety) by more than 20 and 40 percent, respectively.

Efforts are now focused on developing second-phase super hybrid rice capable of yielding 12 t/ha on a large scale (i.e. 15% higher than pioneer super hybrids) and good progress is being made. There were three new two-line indica/japonica hybrid combinations outyielding CK (pioneer super hybrid) by between 8 and 18 percent in replicated trials in 2001. Two promising combinations yielded 13.5 and 15 t/ha in experimental plots (plot size 100 m2) in winter 2001 in Hainan Island. It is expected that the goal of breeding second-phase super hybrid rice can be achieved by 2005.

TECHNICAL APPROACHES

Crop improvement practices have to date pointed to just two effective ways of increasing the yield potential of crops through plant breeding: morphological improvement and heterosis utilization. However, morphological improvement alone gives only limited potential, while heterosis breeding produces undesirable results if not combined with morphological improvement. Any other breeding approaches and methods which apply high technology (e.g. genetic engineering) must be incorporated into good morphological characters and strong heterosis, otherwise there will be no actual contributions to yield increase. On the other hand, further development of plant breeding for high target depends on the progress of biotechnology.

Morphological improvement

Good plant type is the foundation for super high yield. Since the concept of ideotype was proposed by Dr Donald, rice breeders have proposed several models for super high-yielding rice. The most famous is the “new plant type” proposed by Dr Khush. Its main features are: big panicles (250 spikelets per panicle); fewer tillers (3-4 productive tillers per plant); and short and sturdy culm. Experience will show whether or not this model can realize super high yield.

Studies of a high-yielding combination, P64S/E32 (with a grain yield of 17.1 t/ha) showed that the super high-yielding rice variety has the following morphological features:

Tall erect-leaved canopy

The upper three leaf blades should be long, erect, narrow, V-shaped and thick. Long and erect leaves not only have a larger leaf area but can also receive light on both sides and do not put each other in the shade; light is therefore used more efficiently. Narrow leaves occupy a relatively small space and therefore allow for a higher effective leaf area index. The V-shape makes the leaf blade stiffer and not prone to droopiness. Thick leaves have a higher photosynthetic function and are not easily senescent. These morphological features mean a huge source of assimilates essential to super high yield.

Lower panicle position

The tip of the panicle is only 60 to 70 cm above the ground during the ripening stage. Such architecture enables the plant to be highly resistant to lodging - an essential character for breeding super high-yielding rice varieties.

Larger panicle size

Grain weight per panicle is approximately 5 g and there are about 300 panicles/m2. The theoretical yield potential is 15 t/ha.

Grain yield = Harvest Index (HI) x biomass. Nowadays HI is very high (above 0.5). Further lifting of the rice yield ceiling should rely on increasing biomass because further improvement of HI is quite limited. From a morphological point of view, raising plant height is the effective and feasible way of increasing biomass. However, this approach will cause lodging. To solve this problem, many breeders are trying to make the stem thicker and sturdier, which usually results in HI decrease, however, which means that it is difficult to obtain super high yield. The plant model of a taller leafy canopy can combine the advantages of higher biomass, higher HI and higher resistance to lodging.

Utilization of indica/japonica heterosis

Studies show that the heterosis level in rice has the following general trend: indica/japonica > indica/javanica > japonica/javanica > indica/indica > japonica/japonica. Indica/japonicahybrids possess very large sink and rich source, the yield potential of which is in theory 30 percent higher than intervarietal indica hybrids. Therefore, efforts have focused on usingindica/japonica heterosis to develop super hybrid rice. However, there are numerous problems in indica/japonica hybrids (in particular, very low seed set) which must be solved in order to use their heterosis in practice. Thanks to wide compatibility (WC) genes and the use of intermediate type lines as parents instead of typical indica or japonica lines, a number of intersubspecific hybrid varieties with stronger heterosis and normal seed set have been successfully developed.

Utilization of favourable genes from wild rice

This is another promising approach in the development of super hybrid rice. Based on molecular analysis and field experiments, two yield-enhancing quantitative traits loci (QTLs) from wild rice (O. rufipogon L.) were identified. Each of the QTL genes contributed to a yield advantage of 18 percent over the high-yielding CK hybrid Weiyou64 (one of the most elite hybrids). By means of molecular marker-assisted backcross and field selection, an excellent R line (Q611) carrying one of these QTLs is developed. Its hybrid, J23A/Q611, outyielded CK hybrid by 35 percent in a replicated trial for the second cropping in 2001. Its yield potential on a large scale is being evaluated.

PROSPECTS

The yield standard of second phase super rice (12 t/ha) may be achieved by 2005. Reaching this target means that 2.25 t/ha more rice can be produced (i.e. an increase of 30 million tonnes [Mt] of grains per year) and 75 million more people can be fed once 13 Mha are commercialized.

Rice still has great yield potential which can be further tapped using advanced biotechnology. C4 genes from maize have been successfully cloned and are being transferred into the parental lines of super rice. Using these transgenic lines to develop super hybrid rice, the yield potential of rice could be further increased by a big margin. Relying on this progress, the phase III super hybrid rice breeding programme is proposed with a yield target of 13.5 t/ha by 2010.

 

[Lux de Veritas]

China never deny that Great Leap Forward is a mistake. But it is an honest mistake.

Repeatedly chanting Mao kills/murder million is a propaganda rhetoric that imply it is intentional. Nobody gain from the mass death of Chinese people. In fact, Mao got punish because of it.

China is under tremendous pressure at the time, and is too eager to get industrialized. The unexpected combination of population pressure, adjustment/adaptation to new ideology driven policy change, severe natural disaster, disruption to industry because of the Sino-Soviet split proved too much.

On hindsight, the policy look risky. But we are all Einstein with hindsight.

What you see in China today do not come easy. Millions have fallen. All we can do is to appreciate and make sure that their sacrifice are not in vain.

Playing the blaming game for political propaganda purposes is counter-productive.

Is it mistake or is it tyranny and criminality? I cant see where a mistake can cause 30 millions death.

中国在大跃进时风调雨顺， 查下气象资料就知道，根本是老共暴政造成3000万人非正常死亡。美国加利福尼亚现在旱灾，一个人也没饿死。

 

[JSCh]

Emphasis is mine.

Document 16 - Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XXII, Northeast Asia - Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

16. Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant for Special Operations to the Secretary of Defense (Lansdale) to Secretary of Defense McNamara
Washington, April 3, 1961.

The recent strong comments by Allen Dulles about troubles inside China1 should give pause to all of our policy makers. “The Great Leap Forward” in China apparently has landed it in the soup.

I have talked with some of his staff most concerned with China, with “China hands,” and with Chinese friends. They picture a China weakened by overwork and malnutrition, a political regime being forced by growing discontent to start relaxing its stringent rules, and clear indications of more trouble to come. It might well be the time to initiate some actions inside China and to keep the pressures on.

The immediate troubles in China stem from malnutrition and exhaustion. Unlike historic natural disaster areas in China, 1961 also includes North China. Millet and wheat are not on the market. There is similar shortage of rice in the south. And, this has happened prior to the usual “starvation period” of April-May. A combination of an economy dislocated to fit a political theory, bad weather, and floods brought this about.

Last year was a bad year. This year is worst. Next year might continue the trend. 1958, a good crop year, produced 212-million tons of grains (wheat, millet, rice). The estimate for 1961, with some 50-million more mouths to feed, is about 180-million tons of grains. Meat, fish, and oils are disappearing from Chinese diets. Conditions have reawakened the old Chinese political saying, “Three bad harvests and the mandate from heaven changes.”

Intelligence estimates now being compiled probably will describe the Chinese people as tired from the long hours of work under the commune system, weak from hunger, but taking their suffering with resignation. Despite trouble in the Army in Shantung and the granary riots there, in Hankow, and on Hainan not long ago, it is not believed that China is on the point of general rebellion. Chinese are realists and know that they would have little chance of succeeding—unless helped from the outside.

There is little information on the morale of the Army. Since the military have been a favored class under the Communists, get their rations even when the people starve, and are under the strong control of Lin Piao,2 it is probable that the Army is still effective. However, a strong psychological campaign could change this. There are reports that Army men are sending part of their rations home. Some observers feel that Mao wouldn't dare undertake an adventure with his Army now, despite his threats to do so.

In summary, Defense responsibilities for our national security dictate that we should make sure that the U.S. takes a hard look at our policy towards China at this time. Holding back from permitting probing actions inside China, feeling that our Seventh Fleet can be looked upon merely as a diplomatic pawn, or giving undue weight to Chou En-lai's political gambits, might well be exactly the wrong thing to do today. The threat of China has hung heavy over our heads in Asia. It may well be that we can start changing this in 1961.
===========================================================================
China is at its weak point in 1961, with millions death because of an on-going famine and isolated internationally with the Sino-Soviet split.

Let's just say that Nehru is not the only one with Forward Policy, some parties in Burma/Mynamar, northern Thai are having their own version as well.

Well, we all know the answer to whether Mao dare or not dare a year later in 1962.

And probe into China -

Black Cat Squadron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Black Cat Squadron (Chinese: 黑貓中隊; pinyin: hēi māo zhōngduì) (not to be confused with Black Bat Squadron) was a squadron of the Republic of China Air Force that flew the U-2 surveillance plane out of Taoyuan Airbase in northern Taiwan, from 1961 to 1974. The formal designation of the squadron was the 35th Squadron, operating under the cover of a high altitude weather research squadron. 26 ROCAF pilots successfully completed U-2 training in the US and flew 220 operational missions, including 102 surveillance flights over the People's Republic of China.[1]
​

Besides the ROC(Taiwan), the Indian also have surveillance overflying China.

On October 16, 1964, they would see what they came for,

 

[magic-007]

Is it mistake or is it tyranny and criminality? I cant see where a mistake can cause 30 millions death.
中国在大跃进时风调雨顺， 查下气象资料就知道，根本是老共暴政造成3000万人非正常死亡。美国加利福尼亚现在旱灾，一个人也没饿死。
hehe , CPC is really too cruel ,the number not only 30 millions ,i think it 100 millions . those gone people in that period were very silly because of all sat till death and did not go and find someting to eat .

虽然我没有经历过那个时代，但是我知道8年抗战期间，中国人在那个既苦又缺粮食的状况下死伤3000多万，而58-61年这短短三四年间，中国死伤3000万-1亿人？ 不动脑筋思考问题的人，确实挺聪明的。

 

[Maxtini]

Most historian (Chinese and Foreign as well) estimate the number lies between 30~50 million, not 100 million
23m Peng 1987
27m Coale 1984
30m Ashton, et al. 1984
30m Banister 1987
30m Becker 1996
32.5m Cao 2005
36m, Yang 2008
38m Chang and Halliday 2005
38m Rummel 2008
42m minimum Dikötter 2010
43m to 46m Chen 1980

And these study was based on demographic and scientific data available~
Of course the number is mind bogglingly big, but if you take account Chinese population of 600 million (back then), it was around 5%~10%. Which is consistent to the death rate of a typical famine.

Those saying the death toll was only about 2~3 million is certainly a joker with no logic. Demographic data can't lie~ You can even see the effect of those famine till today from 2010 census data. The 1964 census alone recoded an unusual drop in infant (3~5 years) population of about 20 million, how in the hell death toll due to famine was only 3 million?

China 1953 census (pre-famine)

China 1964 census (post-famine)

China 1982 census (One Child Policy effect kick in)

China 1990 census (Dragon year euforia?)

China 2005 census (China became prosperous)

China 2010 (Relative stability)

 

[Lux de Veritas]

Most historian (Chinese and Foreign as well) estimate the number lies between 30~50 million, not 100 million
23m Peng 1987
27m Coale 1984
30m Ashton, et al. 1984
30m Banister 1987
30m Becker 1996
32.5m Cao 2005
36m, Yang 2008
38m Chang and Halliday 2005
38m Rummel 2008
42m minimum Dikötter 2010
43m to 46m Chen 1980

And these study was based on demographic and scientific data available~
Of course the number is mind bogglingly big, but if you take account Chinese population of 600 million (back then), it was around 5%~10%. Which is consistent to the death rate of a typical famine.

Those saying the death toll was only about 2~3 million is certainly a joker with no logic. Demographic data can't lie~ You can even see the effect of those famine till today from 2010 census data. The 1964 census alone recoded an unusual drop in infant (3~5 years) population of about 20 million, how in the hell death toll due to famine was only 3 million?

China 1953 census (pre-famine)

China 1964 census (post-famine)

China 1982 census

China 1990 census

China 2005 census

China 2010

Thank you for your posting. Look at China population structure in 1950. We can say that neither KMT or Japanese are able to kill so many Chinese like CCP.

The wickedness of CCP is unimaginable. CCP has put the face of Chinese into shithole. Those who glorify CCP are either idiots or are as wicked themselves.

These people cheers when seeing so many people get murdered.

Lux is few righteous Chinese here. Whenever Lux say about GLF, I get fxxk by many Chinese.

 

[somsak]

Most historian (Chinese and Foreign as well) estimate the number lies between 30~50 million, not 100 million
23m Peng 1987
27m Coale 1984
30m Ashton, et al. 1984
30m Banister 1987
30m Becker 1996
32.5m Cao 2005
36m, Yang 2008
38m Chang and Halliday 2005
38m Rummel 2008
42m minimum Dikötter 2010
43m to 46m Chen 1980

And these study was based on demographic and scientific data available~
Of course the number is mind bogglingly big, but if you take account Chinese population of 600 million (back then), it was around 5%~10%. Which is consistent to the death rate of a typical famine.

Those saying the death toll was only about 2~3 million is certainly a joker with no logic. Demographic data can't lie~ You can even see the effect of those famine till today from 2010 census data. The 1964 census alone recoded an unusual drop in infant (3~5 years) population of about 20 million, how in the hell death toll due to famine was only 3 million?

China 1953 census (pre-famine)

China 1964 census (post-famine)

China 1982 census

China 1990 census

China 2005 census

China 2010

This graph manifested itself the effect and echo effect of the famine. Thanx. It's history.

 

[magic-007]

Most historian (Chinese and Foreign as well) estimate the number lies between 30~50 million, not 100 million
23m Peng 1987
27m Coale 1984
30m Ashton, et al. 1984
30m Banister 1987
30m Becker 1996
32.5m Cao 2005
36m, Yang 2008
38m Chang and Halliday 2005
38m Rummel 2008
42m minimum Dikötter 2010
43m to 46m Chen 1980

And these study was based on demographic and scientific data available~
Of course the number is mind bogglingly big, but if you take account Chinese population of 600 million (back then), it was around 5%~10%. Which is consistent to the death rate of a typical famine.

Those saying the death toll was only about 2~3 million is certainly a joker with no logic. Demographic data can't lie~You can even see the effect of those famine till today from 2010 census data. The 1964 census alone recoded an unusual drop in infant (3~5 years) population of about 20 million, how in the hell death toll due to famine was only 3 million?

China 1953 census (pre-famine)

China 1964 census (post-famine)

China 1982 census

China 1990 census

China 2005 census

China 2010

"Demographic data can't lie?" this word is very impressive .

As time goes on ,I believe the number will be increased to 100 millions sooner or later . All of us will have to wait and see! hehehe

 

[gambit]

Repeatedly chanting Mao kills/murder million is a propaganda rhetoric that imply it is intentional.

Mao personally set quotas on how many 'landlords', 'rightists', 'reactionaries', and 'capitalists running dogs' must be executed per month. No...Am sure he did not set out to kill X amount of Chinese after he gained power. But he was determined to put China under a reign of communist terror in order to subjugate the Chinese people in the fastest and most brutal manner possible to make sure there would be no credible resistance to his rule. In that, he succeeded, but at the cost of tens of millions.

What the Chinese must not forget - CSMonitor.com

Sent to the countryside during the land-reform movement that resulted in the violent deaths of more than 2 million landlords and their families by 1952, Lin Zhao once placed a landlord in a vat of freezing water overnight, later telling her comrades that his screams made her feel “cruel happiness.”

A decade later, she had turned against the party. During a prison visit two years before her death, she handed a close friend a tiny sailboat folded out of a cellophane candy wrapper and asked him to “tell people in the future about all this suffering.”

After Lin Zhao turned against the Party, she began to write about the Party's deliberateness at stirring Chinese against Chinese, like how she turned sadist against a man simply accused of being a 'landlord', then after she was imprisoned by the Party, she continued to smuggle out her writing, often she wrote in her own blood.

Lin Zhao - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

While in prison, Lin famously wrote hundreds of pages of critical commentary about Mao Zedong using hairpins and bamboo slivers with her own blood as ink.

Lin was executed by gunshot in 1968. Lin's family was made not aware of her death until a Communist Party official approached her mother to collect a five-cent fee for the bullet used to kill her.

The Cultural Revolution and Great Leap Forward were no 'mistakes'.

Nobody gain from the mass death of Chinese people.

Wrong. The communists gained from those deaths.

In fact, Mao got punish because of it.

Like the Chinese peasants he ordered tortured and killed ?

What you see in China today do not come easy. Millions have fallen. All we can do is to appreciate and make sure that their sacrifice are not in vain.

Like how early Americans 'sacrificed' enslaved blacks in order to build the US ? If you think it is absurd, let alone immoral, to call enslaved blacks in the Americas a 'sacrifice' in order to build the New World, then how can you say with a straight face, which I assume you had a straight face when you posted that, that the communists equally 'sacrificed' their fellow citizens ? At least the early Americans did not considered blacks to be their biological equals, let alone fellow citizens.

Lin Zhao got more courage in one drop of her blood than ALL the Chinese on this forum combined.