Technological breakthrough raises nuclear fuel utilization rate: below 1% to 95%

[Daniel808]

You guys doing crazy things and making your enemy many sleepless nights. Keep the good work going our Iron Brothers

This ADS (CIADS, Chinese Initiative Accelerator Driven System) is the world's first to reach 25MeV.

Note just proton linear accelerator alone, CERN Linac 2 is largest at 50Mev, but ADS is a coupled system of high intensity proton accelerator with subcritical reactor through a neutron target.

The prototype of the Chinese ADS (CIADS)proton accelerator comprises two injectors and a 1.5 GeV, 10mA continuous wave (CW) superconducting main linac.

The injector scheme II at the C-ADS demo facility inside the Institute of Modern Physics is a 10MeV CW Superconducting liniac with a designed beam current of 10mA, which includes an ECR ion source, a low-energy beam transport line, a 162.5 MHz radio frequency quadrupole accelerator, a medium-energy beam transport line, and a superconducting half wave resonator accelerator section.

This demo facility has been successfully operating with an 11mA, 2.7 MeV CW beam and a 3.9mA, 4.3 MeV CW beam at different times and conditions since June 2014.

The beam power has reached 28kW, which is the highest record for the same type of linear accelerators.

http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/Accelconf/LINAC2010/papers/tup019.pdf
https://journals.aps.org/prab/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.120101


One step closer to a biggest achievement by our mankind.
This one also, the most important Achievement of Science Physics in this year for our mankind.

Congratulations
and Thanks for all of your support, our Iron brothers @My-Analogous @CriticalThought @Zee-shaun

 

[Daniel808]

Dont be mislead by translation by a Vietnamese refugee whose father is most likely my uncle.
@grey boy 2

See post 32

If there is a Good news about China's Achievement.
Always there is some people who be in Denial mode, and trying to play down the issue.

Always !
@JSCh @cirr @Jlaw @grey boy 2

 

[帅的一匹]

You guys doing crazy things and making your enemy many sleepless nights. Keep the good work going our Iron Brothers

This technology will benifit Pakistan in the future.

 

[Han Patriot]

I can tell you this, the title is misleading not because of the rate, but they actually does not have a functioning ADS system at this moment, the Article (in Chinese) talked about their scientist had made the world first Linear Particle Accelerator can be used for spallation, the same article said the test phase for ADANES system and going for 2030 to build the first GeV power Station.

A recap of the article

http://www.guancha.cn/Industry/2017_06_09_412410.shtml

中国科学网6月8日消息，2017年6月5日至7日，全球首台25MeV质子直线加速器通过测试，标志着我国先进核裂变技术获得突破

Chinese Science Network June 8 claims, in June 5-7 2017, the world first 25MeV Proton Linear Accelerator passed the test, making a breakthrough to nuclear fission technology

专家说，2016年至2023年是ADANES原理验证、系统集成及规模验证阶段，力争到2030年时建成百兆瓦级工程示范项目。

According to expert, They will test the ADANES theory, system and progress testing phase between 2016-2023, and try to build a 100 MeV Project in 2030.



The article does not mention much beside the Scientist claim they build the world first 25 MeV Proton Linear Particle accelerator. The problem is, I think there exist 25 MeV Proton Linear Particle accelerator already in US and Japan, maybe this is used especially for ADS? Or Something else so they can claim it as world first? I don't know, it didn't say in the Article in Chinese.

Otherwise, all the remaining of the article mention a time line for testing of the theory and the estimation of the first ADS Reactor in China to be somewhere in 2030. But then the world probably have the same progress, maybe more, so after reading the whole Chinese article, me too, I don't really know where is the breakthrough or what is the contribution...

We all trying to make a breakthrough on ADS, judging by what I see in the article said here, I don't see how making a 25 MeV Particle Accelerator can be claim a breakthrough?? Maybe I am missing something? I don't know..

This technology is a breakthrough actually but still need time to mature to gW level power generation. Current nuclear technology is extremely inefficient and only utilizes 1% of the energy potential of the nuclear fuel. ADS enables you to use the remaining 90%, but the current energy output is really small due to it's sub-critical nature. The next step is to upscale it to gW level power generation coupled to a Molten Salt Reactor.

Conventional reactors work like this, imagine a cigarette which can burn by it self, but you only burn 1% of the cig. Now imagine a lighter and a cig, but this time with the lighter, you can burn 95% of the cig. See the efficiency? This is the first ADS superconducting proton linear accelerator in the world, isn't this a breakthrough?

 

[jhungary]

This technology is a breakthrough actually but still need time to mature to gW level power generation. Current nuclear technology is extremely inefficient and only utilizes 1% of the energy potential of the nuclear fuel. ADS enables you to use the remaining 90%, but the current energy output is really small due to it's sub-critical nature. The next step is to upscale it to gW level power generation coupled to a Molten Salt Reactor.

Conventional reactors work like this, imagine a cigarette which can burn by it self, but you only burn 1% of the cig. Now imagine a lighter and a cig, but this time with the lighter, you can burn 95% of the cig. See the efficiency? This is the first ADS superconducting proton linear accelerator in the world, isn't this a breakthrough?

I know how ADS work, the whole concept is a breakthrough on nuclear energy. The question is, whether or not the making of ADS Proton Linear Accelerator is a breakthrough, or more correctly, THE FIRST STEP of the breakthrough.

Problem with this news is, the ADS technology, at this moment, does not exist as per the article, at this stage, it is more of a testing the theory rather than actually implementating it. The problem associated with ADS technology have not actually been resolved at this stage, and in reality, what China have, building the first Proton Accelerator (again, as I said, I think the US and JP had already done it) does not solve these problem by itself.

So what exactly is the breakthrough here? Because I consider building the Accelerator is not a breakthrough, it is one major part of moving forward, but this is not exactly related to the ADS technology technological wise as ADS and Proton Accelerator is two different science project. Just because I need a wheel on a vehicle, it does not make it a break thru on new vehicle technology (like fuel efficiency or engine control, fuel injector system and so on) just because I made the wheel that can put on those new concept vehicle and benefit from it....

And if you look at the time line, the Chinese are planning to have the reactor go online somewhere in 2030, which is the same estimation of the Norwegian Team estimation back in 2008.

Please read my reply to @Shajida Khan on the topic and we discuss the actual progress of the ADS....and the challenge it face.

 

[Canuck786]

You know this kind of breaking news used to come from the west almost always. Now these news are coming from China which means USA is now loosing the only major advantage they had over the rest of the world (Technology breakthroughs).

China's philosophy should not be to keep everything top secret so to overpower rest of the world into submission but to share the information so no one has to submit to an overlord nation ever again. It would seem that they are on the right track.

 

[Han Patriot]

I know how ADS work, the whole concept is a breakthrough on nuclear energy. The question is, whether or not the making of ADS Proton Linear Accelerator is a breakthrough, or more correctly, THE FIRST STEP of the breakthrough.

Problem with this news is, the ADS technology, at this moment, does not exist as per the article, at this stage, it is more of a testing the theory rather than actually implementating it. The problem associated with ADS technology have not actually been resolved at this stage, and in reality, what China have, building the first Proton Accelerator (again, as I said, I think the US and JP had already done it) does not solve these problem by itself.

So what exactly is the breakthrough here? Because I consider building the Accelerator is not a breakthrough, it is one major part of moving forward, but this is not exactly related to the ADS technology technological wise as ADS and Proton Accelerator is two different science project. Just because I need a wheel on a vehicle, it does not make it a break thru on new vehicle technology (like fuel efficiency or engine control, fuel injector system and so on) just because I made the wheel that can put on those new concept vehicle and benefit from it....

And if you look at the time line, the Chinese are planning to have the reactor go online somewhere in 2030, which is the same estimation of the Norwegian Team estimation back in 2008.

Please read my reply to @Shajida Khan on the topic and we discuss the actual progress of the ADS....and the challenge it face.

Can you get me information about what JP and US had done versus China. This is the first ADS superconducting proton linear accelerator in the world, isn't this a breakthrough? Can you deny this? Breakthrough or not does not depend on your definition. A breakthrough is achieving something that have never been achieved before. You speak in a typical Indian way of talking, in absolute terms as if you are the ultimate authority on everything. I don't think you are Chinese or Australian. Btw, where is India in this regard?

I had never denied the fact that this reactor needs decades to scale up but if this small baby step breakthrough i snot achieved, then how the heck can we even build bigger ones? Can you deny the fact that China is leading in this front?

This is what Daniel said as per the journals:

This ADS (CIADS, Chinese Initiative Accelerator Driven System) is the world's first to reach 25MeV.

Note just proton linear accelerator alone, CERN Linac 2 is largest at 50Mev, but ADS is a coupled system of high intensity proton accelerator with subcritical reactor through a neutron target.

The prototype of the Chinese ADS (CIADS)proton accelerator comprises two injectors and a 1.5 GeV, 10mA continuous wave (CW) superconducting main linac.

The injector scheme II at the C-ADS demo facility inside the Institute of Modern Physics is a 10MeV CW Superconducting liniac with a designed beam current of 10mA, which includes an ECR ion source, a low-energy beam transport line, a 162.5 MHz radio frequency quadrupole accelerator, a medium-energy beam transport line, and a superconducting half wave resonator accelerator section.

This demo facility has been successfully operating with an 11mA, 2.7 MeV CW beam and a 3.9mA, 4.3 MeV CW beam at different times and conditions since June 2014.

The beam power has reached 28kW, which is the highest record for the same type of linear accelerators.

One research paper on CIADS.
https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/LINAC2010/papers/tup019.pdf

(1) From 2011 to 2017 we are going to construct an ADS test facility, called CIADS, which is the abbreviation of Chinese Initiative Accelerator Driven System. It is the first coupled system of an high intensity proton accelerator with subcritical reactor through a neutron target. The thermal power of the reactor is designed at 4 MWth. It is driven by a 40 MeV proton linac consisting an ECR proton source, a RFQ, room temperature CH cavities and a section of superconducting spoke cavity.

(2) From 2017 to 2022, the same linac in the first step will be prolonged with more superconducting spoke cavities and medium-βsuperconducting ellipsoid cavities to increase the proton beam energy to about 600 MeV. It is coupled with a new subcritical assembly of 80-100 MW thermal power through a spallation neutron target of liquid metal. This is a medium scale ADS facility and we called it as ADS Experimental Facility.

(3) From 2022 to 2032, a whole scale ADS demonstration facility will be built with thermal power of 1000 MWth. More superconducting ellipsoid cavities will be added to the linac to raise beam energy up to 1.5 GeV. At this step, industry will join the project and the technology will be transferred to industry from research institution

This is no different from how China built the high temp gas cooled gen IV reactor, we built a 10mW test reactor and now we are building a 250mw reactor.

This source from CAS:

http://www.cas.cn/syky/201706/t20170608_4604239.shtml

 

[zeronet]

The Chinese team scheduled a 2030 commercial run of a 1000MW nuclear plant with their new technology.... that is very promising. 13 years is not a long period. At least it is much better than that always-50-yrs-away nuclear fusion research.

 

[Fledgingwings]

COngrats to China and its people.Such hard works Always brings you something out of the box.

 

[Viet]

You cannot accelerate neutron -- it has no charge so it will not be affected by electric or magnetic fields. So you accelerate protons and hurl them on lead nuclei with a hope that they dislodge few neutrons present there. This is technically called 'spallation'.

sounds very difficult. Given you are successful in extracting neutrons out of lead atoms, how can you direct chargeless neutrons towards fissile Uran or Plutonium atoms? Ok unless we come back to science fiction we can invent a neutron cannon in the future.

This technology will benifit Pakistan in the future.

Why always Pakistan. What about your second best brother Venezuela?

 

[Shajida Khan]

Folks, before this discussion devolves into a one-up-ship, here are some basics on particle accelerators. If anyone knows better, correct me as well.

1. Accelerators can produce a continuous stream of particles (Called Continuous Wave or CW) or pulses of high energy particle, called pulsed or bursts. For ADS, IMHO, CW makes more sense because we want to carry out spallation to produce neutrons.

2. Accelerator beam is characterized by two parameter.

2.a Particle energy and beam intensity. Particle energy is usually expressed in MeV or GeV ie Mega electron volts or Giga electron volts. This is energy per particle, higher this number more energetic the particles are -- assuming two accelerators are producing same particle, proton or alpha particle or electrons, this implies that particle is moving faster for higher MeVs or GeVs.

2.b Beam intensity is expressed in mA and it measures number of particles shot per second. Why Ampere? Because charge is quantized in electron charge. Meaning you either count the charge or count the particle it will be same. One proton carries same charge as one electron and amps can be used to express charge per second and hence electrons per second, so it can also be used to express protons per second. It is noteworthy, if we were producing alpha particles the number particles would have been half due to each alpha particle having twice the charge of proton.

Out of these, Particle energy is selected based on what we want to achieve. For spallation in a lead target, the output neutrons and their energy from molten Lead target starts to peak at 1 GeV. So usually a number in vicinity of 1 GeV is selected.

The beam intensity decides how many particles we want to bombard per second and determines the number of neutrons produced per second in case of spallation.

Apart from this, some folks report beam power ie the average energy of the beam itself. It is product of energy per particle and particles per second; which is IMHO not very useful as particle beams have a specific function such as causing spallation. Here knowing both energy per particle and particles per second is more useful.

Keep this in mind when interpreting the results posted in the papers and critically analyzing the news articles.

@Shotgunner51 I wish to post related research to this topic coming from other countries like Japan and India to add more context to this. Let me know if you feel it is fine.

 

[jhungary]

Can you get me information about what JP and US had done versus China. This is the first ADS superconducting proton linear accelerator in the world, isn't this a breakthrough? Can you deny this? Breakthrough or not does not depend on your definition. A breakthrough is achieving something that have never been achieved before. You speak in a typical Indian way of talking, in absolute terms as if you are the ultimate authority on everything. I don't think you are Chinese or Australian. Btw, where is India in this regard?

I had never denied the fact that this reactor needs decades to scale up but if this small baby step breakthrough i snot achieved, then how the heck can we even build bigger ones? Can you deny the fact that China is leading in this front?

This is what Daniel said as per the journals:

This ADS (CIADS, Chinese Initiative Accelerator Driven System) is the world's first to reach 25MeV.

Note just proton linear accelerator alone, CERN Linac 2 is largest at 50Mev, but ADS is a coupled system of high intensity proton accelerator with subcritical reactor through a neutron target.

The prototype of the Chinese ADS (CIADS)proton accelerator comprises two injectors and a 1.5 GeV, 10mA continuous wave (CW) superconducting main linac.

The injector scheme II at the C-ADS demo facility inside the Institute of Modern Physics is a 10MeV CW Superconducting liniac with a designed beam current of 10mA, which includes an ECR ion source, a low-energy beam transport line, a 162.5 MHz radio frequency quadrupole accelerator, a medium-energy beam transport line, and a superconducting half wave resonator accelerator section.

This demo facility has been successfully operating with an 11mA, 2.7 MeV CW beam and a 3.9mA, 4.3 MeV CW beam at different times and conditions since June 2014.

The beam power has reached 28kW, which is the highest record for the same type of linear accelerators.

One research paper on CIADS.
https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/LINAC2010/papers/tup019.pdf

(1) From 2011 to 2017 we are going to construct an ADS test facility, called CIADS, which is the abbreviation of Chinese Initiative Accelerator Driven System. It is the first coupled system of an high intensity proton accelerator with subcritical reactor through a neutron target. The thermal power of the reactor is designed at 4 MWth. It is driven by a 40 MeV proton linac consisting an ECR proton source, a RFQ, room temperature CH cavities and a section of superconducting spoke cavity.

(2) From 2017 to 2022, the same linac in the first step will be prolonged with more superconducting spoke cavities and medium-βsuperconducting ellipsoid cavities to increase the proton beam energy to about 600 MeV. It is coupled with a new subcritical assembly of 80-100 MW thermal power through a spallation neutron target of liquid metal. This is a medium scale ADS facility and we called it as ADS Experimental Facility.

(3) From 2022 to 2032, a whole scale ADS demonstration facility will be built with thermal power of 1000 MWth. More superconducting ellipsoid cavities will be added to the linac to raise beam energy up to 1.5 GeV. At this step, industry will join the project and the technology will be transferred to industry from research institution

This is no different from how China built the high temp gas cooled gen IV reactor, we built a 10mW test reactor and now we are building a 250mw reactor.

This source from CAS:

http://www.cas.cn/syky/201706/t20170608_4604239.shtml

You misunderstood my point.

I never said the production (Or the claimed production) of the World First SPL is not a feat, the problem is, ARE THESE THE BREAKTHROUGH IT needed to advance in ADS technology?

SPL, whether or not to be combined with ADS are currently being made, is NOT the problem the world facing regarding the ADS system, but rather, as I mentioned in previous post to another member, the cost, the effectiveness and the safety. If you ignore all these concern, you can of course build an expensive, unsafe and inefficient ADS Reactor. because SPL is not a concept, many country built one.

The thing is this, I don't see how the Chinese have solved the issue by creating a SPL to be used with ADS, the problem still stand, hence I don't see how this is a breakthrough. Unless you are telling me in what way, building a SPL advance on ADS technology?

And do tell me what does it matter if who I am related to this topic? I know about ADS, you obliviously don't, the fact that I am a Chinese, Australian, American, Vietnamese, Pakistani or Indian does not really matter to what I said. You argue with people's point, not their nationality.

And by the way, if you want to know the world progress in ADS, go to this website

http://world-nuclear.org

and look it up yourself. If I post them up here, and highly likely my post will be deleted for Offtopic

Thank You

Folks, before this discussion devolves into a one-up-ship, here are some basics on particle accelerators. If anyone knows better, correct me as well.

1. Accelerators can produce a continuous stream of particles (Called Continuous Wave or CW) or pulses of high energy particle, called pulsed or bursts. For ADS, IMHO, CW makes more sense because we want to carry out spallation to produce neutrons.

2. Accelerator beam is characterized by two parameter.

2.a Particle energy and beam intensity. Particle energy is usually expressed in MeV or GeV ie Mega electron volts or Giga electron volts. This is energy per particle, higher this number more energetic the particles are -- assuming two accelerators are producing same particle, proton or alpha particle or electrons.

2.b Beam intensity is expressed in mA and it measures number of particles shot per second. Why Ampere? Because charge is quantized in electron charge. Meaning you either count the charge or count the particle it will be same. One proton carries same charge as one electron and amps can be used to express charge and hence electrons per second, so it can also be used to express protons per second. It is noteworthy, if we were producing alpha particles the number particles would have been half due to each alpha particle having twice the charge of proton.

Out of these, Particle energy is selected based on what we want to achieve. For spallation in a lead target, the output neutrons and their energy from molten Lead target starts to peak at 1 GeV. So usually a number in vicinity of 1 GeV is selected.

The beam intensity decides how many particles we want to bombard per second and determines the number of neutrons produced per second in case of spallation.

Apart from this, some folks report beam power ie the average energy of the beam itself. It is product of energy per particle and particles per second; which is IMHO not very useful as particle beams have a specific function such as causing spallation. Here knowing both energy per particle and particles per second is more useful.

Keep this in mind when interpreting the results posted in the papers and critically analyzing the news articles.

@Shotgunner51 I wish to post related research to this topic coming from other countries like Japan and India to add more context to this. Let me know if you feel it is fine.

Yes, indeed, people need to read up SPL and ADS researches before commenting on the issue, there are numerous SPL/ADS research by CERN but I don't think we can post them up here because it would probably get deleted for off topics.

On the other hand, I am actually having problem on finding related Chinese Research paper....(And Yes, I do read Chinese and I have been searching in Baidu as well as google and yahoo. But not much so far.

And I want to know your opinion about the "World First 25MeV SPL" in China, whether or not they are a breakthrough? Because I think this is what they refer as "The Breakthrough" on ADS field.

 

[Shotgunner51]

@Shotgunner51 I wish to post related research to this topic coming from other countries like Japan and India to add more context to this. Let me know if you feel it is fine.

Yes, please feel free to proceed. This is a science that may potentially change how mankind use nuclear energy, so welcome to expand discussions on ADS tech development in other institutions.

To keep discussions relevant I suggest ADS only, instead of proton lianc or general-purpose components, unless it's ADS specific. Note ADS is an integrated system, coupled of high intensity proton linac with subcritical reactor through a neutron target and other components. ADS and proton lianc are two different things, in fact proton linac is widely used in other areas like China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Compact Pulsed Hadron Source (CPHS), Advanced Proton Therapy Facility (APTron), space radiation test, etc. Citation: ttp://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/pac2013/papers/mozba2.pdf

 

[yusheng]

中国科学院ADS先导专项

　　Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System （ADS）是加速器驱动次临界洁净核能系统，由中能强流加速器(主要是质子加速器)、外源中子产生靶和次临界反应堆构成。由加速器产生的质子束流轰击设在次临界堆中的重金属散裂靶件，引起散裂反应，为次临界堆提供外源中子，使次临界包层系统维持链式反应以便得到能量和利用多余的中子增殖核材料和嬗变核废物。

　　ADS先导专项构成及特点

　　ADS先导专项发展路线

　　ADS质子直线加速器项目

　　质子直线加速器是ADS系统的基本组成部分，主要是用来产生强流、大功率质子束，通过质子束与散裂靶的作用，产生用于维持次临界堆持续裂变反应的中子，从而达到嬗变核废料的目的。

　　ADS质子直线加速器项目研究目标

　　通过研制输出质子能量为250MeV的加速器，对强流束流动力学、超导高频腔、高功率CW RFQ加速器、高功率耦合器及加速器稳定运行等关键技术组织联合攻关，验证作为ADS嬗变系统驱动装置的质子直线加速器的方案和技术。

　　ADS质子直线加速器项目技术路线与特点

　　ADS加速器采用超导直线加速器结构，前端采用两个完全相同的、并行的注入器互为热备份，以保证其可靠性。在合适的能量（10-20MeV），通过一段特殊的传输线（MEBT2），将两台注入器连接汇合到主加速器。

　　ADS质子直线加速器项目重要进展

this from where Chinese ADS is, several years ago.
as questioned above, to turn a conception into technique reality is difficult, however based on Chinese today's industry abilities, some fantastic parts were made out.
share some pictures of Chinese ADS parts if you can recognize them, and bear in mind all these parts have never appeared in human history.

http://www.impcas.ac.cn/xwzx/kyjz/201611/t20161129_4711434.html

10.2MeV/10.5mA脉冲束流测试结果

9.55MeV/2.14mA连续质子束流测试结果

 

[Han Patriot]

You misunderstood my point.

I never said the production (Or the claimed production) of the World First SPL is not a feat, the problem is, ARE THESE THE BREAKTHROUGH IT needed to advance in ADS technology?

SPL, whether or not to be combined with ADS are currently being made, is NOT the problem the world facing regarding the ADS system, but rather, as I mentioned in previous post to another member, the cost, the effectiveness and the safety. If you ignore all these concern, you can of course build an expensive, unsafe and inefficient ADS Reactor. because SPL is not a concept, many country built one.

The thing is this, I don't see how the Chinese have solved the issue by creating a SPL to be used with ADS, the problem still stand, hence I don't see how this is a breakthrough. Unless you are telling me in what way, building a SPL advance on ADS technology?

And do tell me what does it matter if who I am related to this topic? I know about ADS, you obliviously don't, the fact that I am a Chinese, Australian, American, Vietnamese, Pakistani or Indian does not really matter to what I said. You argue with people's point, not their nationality.

And by the way, if you want to know the world progress in ADS, go to this website

http://world-nuclear.org

and look it up yourself. If I post them up here, and highly likely my post will be deleted for Offtopic

Thank You


Yes, indeed, people need to read up SPL and ADS researches before commenting on the issue, there are numerous SPL/ADS research by CERN but I don't think we can post them up here because it would probably get deleted for off topics.

On the other hand, I am actually having problem on finding related Chinese Research paper....(And Yes, I do read Chinese and I have been searching in Baidu as well as google and yahoo. But not much so far.

And I want to know your opinion about the "World First 25MeV SPL" in China, whether or not they are a breakthrough? Because I think this is what they refer as "The Breakthrough" on ADS field.

Okay let me summarize your points:

1) Whether China really achieve this first in the world breakthrough of combining a proton linac effectively to an ADS system.

2) Whether proton linac is effective in building an efficient ADS.

3) Whether ADS itself is inherent safe and cost effective

Firstly, proton linac had been in existence since forever, proton linac is not the achievement here my friend. The achievement here is how you couple a proton linac into an ADS to produce an effective net power output, making sure it's safe and efficient.

1) Since you point out efficiency, how do we measure efficiency of the Chinese ADS or for that matter any kind of ADS?

2) Do you know the cost of the current test reactor and the future reactor? How do you measure cost effectiveness? Since not using the 95% of the remaining fuel would mean storing it for millions of years. And also the lost revenue of extracting the 95% energy left. Can you measure that? The cost of storing it for a million years?

3) How do you measure it's safeness? You are comparing a reactor which can not meltdown to a conventional reactor which can meltdown once the coolant system is down. The only other reactor with passive meltdown proof is the high temp gas cooled reactor which China is building. FYI, the only functioning passive meltdown proof reactor in operation is in China, HTR-10.

Lastly, you are not a nuclear scientist nor am I. Do you have the authority to decide whether this proton linac coupled ADS is effective? Please answer me with some credentials.

Folks, before this discussion devolves into a one-up-ship, here are some basics on particle accelerators. If anyone knows better, correct me as well.

1. Accelerators can produce a continuous stream of particles (Called Continuous Wave or CW) or pulses of high energy particle, called pulsed or bursts. For ADS, IMHO, CW makes more sense because we want to carry out spallation to produce neutrons.

2. Accelerator beam is characterized by two parameter.

2.a Particle energy and beam intensity. Particle energy is usually expressed in MeV or GeV ie Mega electron volts or Giga electron volts. This is energy per particle, higher this number more energetic the particles are -- assuming two accelerators are producing same particle, proton or alpha particle or electrons, this implies that particle is moving faster for higher MeVs or GeVs.

2.b Beam intensity is expressed in mA and it measures number of particles shot per second. Why Ampere? Because charge is quantized in electron charge. Meaning you either count the charge or count the particle it will be same. One proton carries same charge as one electron and amps can be used to express charge per second and hence electrons per second, so it can also be used to express protons per second. It is noteworthy, if we were producing alpha particles the number particles would have been half due to each alpha particle having twice the charge of proton.

Out of these, Particle energy is selected based on what we want to achieve. For spallation in a lead target, the output neutrons and their energy from molten Lead target starts to peak at 1 GeV. So usually a number in vicinity of 1 GeV is selected.

The beam intensity decides how many particles we want to bombard per second and determines the number of neutrons produced per second in case of spallation.

Apart from this, some folks report beam power ie the average energy of the beam itself. It is product of energy per particle and particles per second; which is IMHO not very useful as particle beams have a specific function such as causing spallation. Here knowing both energy per particle and particles per second is more useful.

Keep this in mind when interpreting the results posted in the papers and critically analyzing the news articles.

@Shotgunner51 I wish to post related research to this topic coming from other countries like Japan and India to add more context to this. Let me know if you feel it is fine.

I admire you Sajidda for your analytical mind , but we need information on global ADS effort not the analysis of a proton linac.

Anyone please post progress done by other countries to refute this Chinese claim. I am open minded and I want to know the truth. Chinese is claiming leadership currently. Prove me wrong!

This time Sajida, this claim is coming from CAS and is published in government media. I have to admit the previous N-5 substance explosive power cannot be verified, but I still believe that the Chinese government is keeping it secret on the potential capability, afterall they have access to international benchmark, until then we will wait a few more years when more information is published. Chinese government will only claim things they can achieve, and history had proven this.