Since the end of World War II, four distinct phases of immigration in the Netherlands have emerged.
- 1945 to 1960: Immigration was driven by the decolonization of Indonesia and Surinam.
- 1960 to 1973: Excess labour demands attracted immigrants from Southern Europe and North Africa. Initially, recruitment was managed by employers, but beginning with Italy in 1960, the Government began signing “recruitment agreements” with sending countries.
- 1974 to 1997: Immigration was driven by family reunification motives (peaking in 1983-84), then by asylum seekers.
- 1997 to 2007: Flows of family reunification, asylum-seeker and low-skilled immigrants decreased, whilst recruitment of high-skilled workers increased.
The first official document to formulate a coherent policy view on immigration, the 1970 Memorandum on Foreign Employees (
Nota Buitenlandse Werknemers), specified that the Netherlands was not a migration-receiving country. While the Memorandum acknowledged that foreign labour was necessary to sustain economic growth, it formalized the unofficial view that migrant workers were wanted solely as temporary transients in Dutch society.... The majority of workers were male and came without their families (in the early 1970s there were 55,000 Turkish and Moroccan guest workers and only 20,000 family members).
Policy initiatives did not achieve significant cuts in the number of new immigrants. The total number of non-Western immigrants more than tripled between 1975 and 1985 — from less than 200,000 to approximately 600,000 (the total Dutch population was approximately 15 million in that period).
While throughout the 1970s and 1980s the Netherlands saw only a couple of thousand asylum seekers per year, the number increased to 14,000 in 1988 and exploded further to yearly peaks of 53,000 (1995) and 45,000 (1999 – 2001). When the Netherlands and other countries tightened the criteria for refugee status and reconsidered social assistance in cash in 2001, the number of asylum applications dropped significantly.