Silk Road & Cultural Centers of China
Through this blog, I intend to share my experiences during my visit to China on a postdoctoral fellowship hosted by Peking University, Beijing and awarded to me by Confucius institute, China for six months.
The research project is focused on
“The Iconography of Gandhara and its Extension in China”.
Buddhist Art of Gandhara is a parent art of the sculptural art of China and it reached beyond the borders of Gandhara through ancient Silk Road where it left its traces which are very interesting.
Buddhist Art of Gandhara is a parent art of the sculptural art of China and it reached beyond the borders of Gandhara through ancient Silk Road where it left its traces which are very interesting.
Initially, while making a research plan, I devised to visit only the Buddhist sites of Yungang Grottoes near Datong and Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang which are known as the major sites in China representing influences from Indian and Gandhara Buddhist arts but after reaching China in May 2016, I stretched my visit plan and included few more sites in it.
So, Besides Yungang and Mogao, I traveled to Bingling near Lanzhou, Maijishan Grottoes near Tianshui and Longmen in Luoyang.
Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, Gansu Province, China
Although, irrelevant to my topic of research, I visited Xi’an to personally witness the site of Terracotta Army about which I had read much. I also included Xi’an because it was the starting point of the Silk Road on which I was traversing in search of Buddhist historical treasures.
Silk Road had not only been a vital trade route connecting China with Western countries via Central Asia but it also contributed in the dissemination of Buddhism and Buddhist art all over China.
an abandoned mosque in Datong, Shanxi, China
The cities located on the ancient Silk Road had been cultural centers known for their promotion of artistic activities and trade. These cities have rich histories, fascinating cultures and stunning environment which is admirable for a historian who loves to explore and travel for the sake of knowledge.
Datong (ancient: Pingcheng), although away from ancient Silk Road but a rich cultural center in ancient days, was the first city that I visited and its traditional appearance made me fall in love with it. The city was founded under the rule of Han Dynasty (207 BCE-220 CE).
The traditionalism is undoubted as it remained a capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386 CE- 534 CE) from 398 CE to 494 CE. While browsing the internet it was revealed to me that Hanging Monastery is a must see the attraction of Datong.
Bingling Grottoes, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
Without any hesitation, the
Hanging Monastery is a wonder of Chinawhich not only spell bounds the sightseer by the surrounding scenery but also surprises one by the fact that three religions, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism are being practiced at the same time in China till day.
Yungang Grottoes was the next site, for which I traveled to Datong. This site is located 16 km west of the city of Datong at the foot of the Wuzhou Shan Mountains and extend about 1 km from east to west. These caves were initiated in the fifth century CE under the royal patronage of Northern Wei Dynasty. Monk Tan Yao was appointed by the emperor to supervise the Yungang project which was completed in fifty years.
A Street of Datong, Shanxi, China
There are approximately 51,000 statues installed in caves and niches representing a blend of Chinese, Greek, Indian and Gandharan impacts. The Yungang Grottoes are numbered from east to west. Over the past 1,500 years, these Grottoes have been damaged by both war and natural disasters. Yungang Grottoes were made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.
Lanzhou was my second stop to approach the Bingling Grottoes (Ten Thousand Buddhas) which is located approximately 35 kilometers west of Yongjing County in Lanzhou City. The journey towards grottoes was an adventure itself as it was accessible through a motorboat ride in Yellow River, the third largest river in China, surrounded by eye catching sight of barren cliffs.
It is a chain of grottoes filled with Buddhist sculptures carved into natural caves along the Yellow River. Its construction started during the Western Jin Dynasty (265 CE-316 CE) and the subsequent dynasties followed to patronize it.
White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang, Gansu, China
The next destination was
Dunhuang, a city of wonders. It is a beautiful oasis city, well planned, lush and at the same time surrounded by desert. The charisma of Mogao Caves magnetized me to such a far off city. Mogao grottoes situated southeast of the Dunhuang oasis, at a strategic point along the Silk Route, at the crossroads of trade as well as religious, cultural and intellectual influences, the 492 cells and cave sanctuaries in Mogao are famous for their statues and wall paintings, spanning 1,000 years of Buddhist art. Mogao
Mogao grottoes situated southeast of the Dunhuang oasis, at a strategic point along the Silk Route, at the crossroads of trade as well as religious, cultural and intellectual influences, the 492 cells and cave sanctuaries in Mogao are famous for their statues and wall paintings, spanning 1,000 years of Buddhist art. Mogao are the largest and most precious treasure house of Buddhist art in the world. Its construction started in 366 CE and continued till fourteenth century CE signifying the evolution of Buddhist art in China.
Each Mogao Cave showcases wall paintings, painted sculptures, ancient architecture, movable cultural relics under one roof which heighten its significance attracting art lovers and tourists from all parts of the world.
The art of Mogao has assimilated the excellences of ancient Chinese art with the Indian, Gandhara, Turk and Tibetan styles earning the repute of chef-d’oeuvre of Buddhist art. All the caves are not open to the visitors which was quite disappointing for me.
Its construction started in 366 CE and continued till fourteenth century CE signifying the evolution of Buddhist art in China. Each Mogao Cave showcases wall paintings, painted sculptures, ancient architecture, movable cultural relics under one roof which heighten its significance attracting art lovers and tourists from all parts of the world. The art of Mogao has assimilated the excellences of ancient Chinese art with the Indian, Gandhara, Turk and Tibetan styles earning the repute of chef-d’oeuvre of Buddhist art. All the caves are not open to the visitors which was quite disappointing for me.
Nine Dragon Wall, Datong, Shanxi, China
Tianshui, the city of “heavenly waters” was the next stopover. Maijishan Grottoes are a chain of caves, 194 in total, cut in the side of the hill of Maijishan near Tianshui. They encompass over 7,200 Buddhist sculptures with over 1,000 square meters of murals exhibiting central Asian influence due to their location on the main routes connecting China and Central Asia. Its construction started during the late fourth century CE and its modification continued for a long time which is evident from its diversified styles. The scenic area around the caves has interesting geology which cast a spell on visitors.
I stopped at Xi’an, the oldest of the four great ancient capitals of China, to visit the Terracotta Army site and other historical buildings and souvenir shopping.
To go to witness Terracotta Army, a funerary art buried with the emperor Shi Huang Ti, the first emperor of China in 210–209 BCE to protect him in his afterlife, was my long awaited wish. I also went to the Beiyuanmen Muslim food street which was recommended by one of my friends. It was a nice experience to enjoy a variety of street food. A time well spent in Xi’an has left unforgettable memories in my mind.
Luoyang city in central China, located on the confluence of Luo River and Yi River, another ancient Chinese capital was the last city I visited before my return to Beijing. Shaolin Temple, in Dengfeng County, Henan Province is 1,500 years old. Shaolin Temple and its Pagoda Forest, a cemetery for Buddhist notables through centuries, have a superb atmosphere which echoes its rich history. Live Martial Art performance by the ninjas was the most amazing experience of my life. Longmen Grottoes, represent the zenith of Chinese Buddhist carving in stone, comprising of the largest collection of sculptural art from Northern Wei and Tang Dynasties of ancient China. The grottoes are located on both sides of river Yi encompassing 2300 caves and niches housing 110000 stone statues. These caves were completed between fifth and eighth centuries CE. Several sculptures depict a close resemblance with those of Gandhara art.
Yungang Grottoes, Datong, Shanxi, China
The visit of these historical and archaeological sites not only quenched my thirst of knowledge but I was deeply impressed by witnessing the exceptional measures taken by the government of China to preserve its heritage treasures.
Traveling through Silk Road took me to the ancient times and I started feeling myself in the past when the artist used to carve these gigantic sculptures to express their reverence for the Buddhist faith. I had studied and taught for years about Silk Road throughout my student life and my teaching career but being there and traveling on this route was like a dream come true.
To conclude, traversing along the Silk Road was a life time experience. The people of China, male and female, are incredibly energetic and hard-working and tried to help me in all possible ways. I tried to cover nearly all major significant landmarks situated on the great ancient route as my trip encompasses visit to the Shanxi, Gansu, Shaanxi and Henan provinces of China.
The people of China, whether male or female, are incredibly energetic and hard-working and tried to help me in all possible ways. I tried to cover nearly all major significant landmarks situated on the great ancient route as my trip encompasses
I tried to cover nearly all major significant landmarks situated on the great ancient route as my trip encompasses visit to the Shanxi, Gansu, Shaanxi and Henan provinces of China.
http://blogs.arynews.tv/silk-road-cultural-centers-of-china/