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Belle II's SuperKEKB reaches test operation stage, eight Indian institutions involved in project

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CHENNAI: Eight Indian academic institutions, including four IITs, have contributed to yet another international scientific collaboration - the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB accelerator in Japan.
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Highlights
  1. Eight Indian academic institutions, including four IITs, have contributed to the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB accelerator in Japan.
  2. According to an official release, SuperKEKB is the first new "atom-smasher" since the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
The project received a major impetus after SuperKEKB, a particle collider located at the KEK laboratory in Tsukuba in Japan, achieved 'First Turns' and reached test operation stage recently.

According to an official release, SuperKEKB is the first new "atom-smasher" since the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator - located at CERN laboratory in Switzerland.

The Belle II detector at SuperKEKB was designed and built by an international collaboration of over 600 students, scientists and engineers from 23 countries in Asia, Europe and North America.

Jim Libby, associate professor, department of Physics at IIT Madras, who was involved in the project, told TOI that four IITs (Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Madras), IISER Mohali, Panjab University, Punjab Agricultural University and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai associated with the project.

"The latter institute, with support from Indian collaborators, is making a substantial contribution to the construction of part of the experiment," he said.

SuperKEKB was designed and built at KEK by a team of Japanese accelerator physicists.

SuperKEKB, along with the Belle II detector at the interaction point, is a facility designed to search for New Physics beyond the Standard Model by measuring rare decays of elementary particles such as beauty quarks, charm quarks and tau leptons, the release said.

On February 10, 2016, the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider succeeded in circulating and storing a positron beam moving close to the speed of light through over a thousand magnets in a narrow tube around the three kilometre circumference of its main ring, the release said.

On February 26, the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider succeeded in circulating and storing a seven billion electron-volt energy (7 GeV) electron beam around its ring of magnets in the opposite direction.

The achievement of "first turns", which means storing the beam in the ring through many revolutions, is a "major milestone for any new particle accelerator."
Belle II's SuperKEKB reaches test operation stage, eight Indian institutions involved in project - Times of India
 
KEKB is the name of a particle accelerator used in the Belle experiment to study CP violation. It is called a B-factory for its copious production of B-mesons which provide a golden mode to study and measure the CP violation due to its property of decaying into other lighter mesons. KEKB is basically an asymmetric electronpositron collider, with electrons having the energy of 8 GeV and positrons having the energy of 3.5 GeV, giving 10.58 GeV centre-of-mass energy, which is equal to the mass of the Upsilon(4S) meson.
There are basically two rings for accelerating electrons and positrons. The ring for electrons, having energy of 8 GeV, is called the high-energy ring (HER), while the ring for positrons, having energy of 3.5 GeV, is called low-energy ring (LER). The HER and LER are constructed side-by-side in the tunnel, which has been excavated already in the past for the former TRISTAN accelerator. (TRISTAN was the first site to confirm vacuum polarization around an electron.) The RF cavities in the HER use superconducting RF (SRF) technology, whereas the RF cavities in the LER use a normal conducting design denoted ARES. The circumference of each ring is 3016 m, having four straight sections. In the KEKB, there is only one interaction point in the "Tsukuba area", where the Belle experiment is located. The other areas (called "Fuji", "Nikko" and "Oho") are currently not actively used by an experiment.

The KEKB accelerator is located at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.



Since the energy of the electrons and positrons is asymmetric, the B meson pairs are created with a Lorentz boost
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of 0.425, allowing measurements of the B meson decay times via the distance from the (known) collision point.



KEKB's leading finite crossing angle interaction design provides its high luminosity. In the last upgrade, KEKB installed crab cavities on each of its accelerating beams to rotate the bunches of accelerating electrons or positrons, hoping to further increase its luminosity. However, the improvement is not clear and currently under tuning. KEKB is still the world's highest luminosity machine. Its latest world record (in June 2009) is of more than
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.


SuperKEK.jpg
MachineParametersHER2.4ex.jpg


Belle II

Belle II is an upgraded detector to allow the experiment to record the enormous numbers of particle processes that are produced by the SuperKEKB accelerator. The Belle II experiment will accumulate 50 times more data than the previous experiment, Belle, and pursue violations of the symmetry between particles and anti-particles as well as new laws of physics.
The construction of the SuperKEKB accelerator, which is an upgrade of the KEKB accelerator that operated for a decade from 1999, started in 2010 with the goal of 40 times higher collision performance. The energies of the electron and positron beams were changed to 7 and 4 billion electron volts, respectively. The expected collision performance is achieved by squeezing beam sizes to the nanometer level. The accelerator plans to start operation in JFY 2014. In order to cope with the higher beam intensity, the detector is also being upgraded. The inner detectors will be replaced with new ones to improve performance. A new collaboration, Belle II, has formed based on the Belle collaboration; it now consists of about 600 researchers from about 100 universities/laboratories in 23 countries/areas (as of December 2013). The researchers work together on construction of the detector, acquisition of data, and physics analyses. Analyses on 50 times more data than available to the Belle experiment will reveal violations of the symmetry between particles and anti-particles, rare phenomena that occurred in the early stages of the universe, and the nature of unknown particles and new interactions. These may lead to new laws of physics and an understanding of why anti-matter has disappeared from the universe.

Links
Belle II | KEK
SuperKEKB
KEKB (accelerator) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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