The first Qurans were written in Kufic (Iraqi) script. Arabic is invented by Iraqis.
Kufic
Kufic script, 8th or 9th century (Surah 48: 27–28)
Qur'an.
Kufic is the oldest
calligraphic form of the various
Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old
Nabataean script. Kufic developed around the end of the 7th century in
Kufa, Iraq, from which it takes its name, and other centres.
[1]
Usage
Kufic script used in a copy of the
Qur'an
Kufic was prevalent in manuscripts from the 7th to 10th centuries.
[2] Until about the 11th century it was the main script used to copy the Qur'an.
[1] Professional copyists employed a particular form of kufic for reproducing the earliest surviving copies of the Qur'an, which were written on parchment and date from the 8th to 10th centuries.
[3]
Ornamental useEdit
Kufic is commonly seen on
Seljuk coins and monuments and on early
Ottoman coins. Its decorative character led to its use as a decorative element in several public and domestic buildings constructed prior to the
Republican period in
Turkey.
The current
flag of Iraq (2008) includes a kufic rendition of the
takbir. Similarly, the
flag of Iran(1980) has the takbir written in white square kufic script a total of 22 times on the fringe of both the green and red bands.
Square or geometric Kufic is a very simplified rectangular style of Kufic widely used for tiling. In Iran sometimes entire buildings are covered with tiles spelling sacred names like those of God, Muhammad and Ali in square Kufic, a technique known as
banna'i.
[4]
"
Pseudo-Kufic", also "Kufesque",[
citation needed]refers to imitations of the Kufic script, made in a non-Arabic context, during the
Middle Ages or the
Renaissance:
"Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".
[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaʿlīq_script
®
Persian script is Naskh aka Nastaliq and pre Islamic Persian script was different.
Nastaʿlīq (
Persian: نستعلیق, from نسخ Naskh and تعلیق Taʿlīq; also anglicized as
Nastaleeq) is one of the main
calligraphic hands used in writing the Persian script, and traditionally the predominant style in
Persian calligraphy.
[1]It was developed in
Iran in the 14th and 15th centuries.
[2] It is sometimes used to write Arabic-language text (where it is known as
Taʿliq[
citation needed] or
Persian and is mainly used for titles and headings), but its use has always been more popular in the Persian, Turkic and Urdu sphere of influence. Nastaʿlīq has extensively been (and still is) practiced in
Iran,
Pakistan,
India,
Afghanistan and other countries for written poetry and as a form of art.
A less elaborate version of Nastaʿlīq serves as the preferred style for writing the
Kashmiri,
Punjabi and
Urdu, and it is often used alongside
Naskh for
Pashto. In
Persian it is used for poetry only. Nastaʿlīq was historically used for writing
Ottoman Turkish, where it was known as
tâlik[3] (not to be confused with a totally different Persian style, also called
taʿliq; to distinguish the two, Ottomans referred to the latter as
ta'līq-i qadim = old ta'liq).
Nastaʿlīq is the core script of the post-
Sassanid Persian writing tradition, and is equally important in the areas under its cultural influence.
The languages of Iran ( Persian, Azeri, Balochi, Kurdi, Luri, etc.), Afghanistan (Dari, Pashto, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc.), Pakistan (Punjabi, Urdu, Kashmiri, Saraiki, etc.), and the Turkic Uyghur language of the Chinese province of Xinjiang, rely on Nastaʿlīq. Under the name taʿliq (lit. “suspending [script]”), it was also beloved by Ottoman calligraphers who developed the Diwani (divanî) and Ruqah (rık’a) styles from it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaʿlīq_script