A.Rahman
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A new party, the Muslim United Front (MUF), attracted the support of a broad range of Kashmiris, including pro-independence activists, disenchanted Kashmiri youth, and Jama'at-i Islami and MUF appeared poised to do well in state elections in 1987. Blatant fraud assured a National Conference victory, which was followed by the arrests of hundreds of MUF leaders and supporters.
How did armed struggle begin in Kashmir?
India's efforts to manipulate elections in Kashmir and suppress dissent have marked Kashmir's history since 1948, but it was not until 1986 that discontent within the state found wider popular support. In that year the state's ruling National Conference (NC) party, widely accused of corruption, struck a deal with India's Congress Party administration that many in Kashmir saw as a betrayal of Kashmir's autonomy.
A new party, the Muslim United Front (MUF), attracted the support of a broad range of Kashmiris, including pro-independence activists, disenchanted Kashmiri youth, and Jama'at-i Islami and MUF appeared poised to do well in state elections in 1987. Blatant fraud assured a National Conference victory, which was followed by the arrests of hundreds of MUF leaders and supporters. In the aftermath, young MUF supporters joined the ranks of a growing number of militant. In late 1993, the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC), an umbrella organization of the leaders of all the political and militant organizations fighting for independence, was founded to act as the political voice of the independence movement.
Who are the Kashmiri renegades?
On January 19, 1990, the Indian central government imposed direct rule on Jammu and Kashmir, and repression deepened. . In the mid1990s, Indian security forces began arming and training local auxiliary forces (renegade thugs) to assist in counterinsurgency operations. These gangsters assisted Indian government in its campaign against freedom fighters, which was marked by widespread human rights violations, including the shooting of unarmed demonstrators, civilian massacres, and summary executions of detainees. Human rights defenders and journalists have been among the principal victims of the renegade gangs. They are also used in the election drama occasionally staged by the Indian Government in Kashmir.
Is the freedom struggle in Jammu and Kashmir merely "cross border terrorism" from the Pakistan side?
The indigenous nature of the current Kashmir freedom struggle is well known: it started almost 12 years ago in response to the killing of 100 peaceful Kashmiri demonstrators in Srinagar; over 83198 Kashmiris have sacrificed their lives in this struggle; thousands of Kashmiris have been injured, tortured or arbitrarily detained. No external influence could have persuaded the Kashmiri people to sustain their struggle for so long in the face of India's brutal military repression. It is only genuine and popular quest for freedom, which evokes such monumental sacrifices. Under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Dr. Paula R. Newberg wrote: "Since 1989, the number of dead (in Srinagar) has reached tens of thousands, the exact number unknown. Mostly boys and men, they have died for their religious beliefs, their political beliefs or because they were in the way. The circumstances of birth have become the accidents of death".
The legitimate response to India's military repression cannot be denigrated as "terrorism". The targets of the Kashmiri freedom fighters have been the instruments of India's occupation, not innocent civilians who are Kashmiris.
Indeed, terrorist acts in Kashmir have been largely sponsored by Indian agencies and "agents provocateur". Amnesty International's report "IF they are dead; tell us", and Human Rights Watch report "India's secret army in Kashmir", both testify that India has used Kashmiri renegades to carry out the worst forms of repression and human rights violations in Kashmir. Such acts of terrorism are an integral element of the Indian strategy to malign the Kashmiri freedom movement and to exploit international abhorrence of terrorism. Renegade groups have been given names by India like "Ikhwan-ul-Muslemoon" and "Taliban" to play upon the fears in the western countries and to make the repression of Kashmiris more palatable.
What are the reasons for India's current posture?
India used the aftermath of the tragic events of September 11 as a license to crush Kashmiri movement by denigrating it as international terrorism supported by Pakistan. India hoped to emulate American action in Afghanistan. As a matter of fact, the US was not in occupation of Afghanistan when it was attacked, but in India's case, it had not only occupied Kashmir but also has been involved, for the last twelve years, in the brutal suppression of the Kashmiri freedom struggle. However, when Pakistan joined international coalition against terrorism, India saw no choice but to use terrorist activities of Kashmiri renegades to put pressure on the world to compel Pakistan to stop supporting the Kashmiri freedom struggle. It threatened war with Pakistan as a tactic to pressurize the international community. This amounted to nuclear blackmail not only against Pakistan but also against the world.
India's belligerence is a part of its campaign to de-legitimize the Kashmir struggle by equating it with terrorism. It is also in violation of the UN Charter that rejects use or threat to use force and aggression to settle international disputes and also calls upon the members to respect the right of self-determination of the peoples.
What objectives does India want to achieve out of the current crisis?
India wants to achieve the following objectives:
a) De-legitimize the Kashmiri movement by equating it with terrorism,
b) Force Pakistan to stop all political and diplomatic support to the freedom struggle in Kashmir.
c) Weaken the President of Pakistan who is committed to modernizing Pakistan by eradicating obscurantism and extremism from Pakistan. Pakistan is currently engaged in fighting against terrorism on three fronts, i.e.: (i) supporting the International Coalition in Afghanistan (ii) combating domestic extremist forces, and (iii) isolating and identifying foreign elements which might have infiltrated the Kashmiri movement.
d) Deflect international criticism on the current state-sponsored genocide of Muslims in Gujarat and repression against other minorities.
How did armed struggle begin in Kashmir?
India's efforts to manipulate elections in Kashmir and suppress dissent have marked Kashmir's history since 1948, but it was not until 1986 that discontent within the state found wider popular support. In that year the state's ruling National Conference (NC) party, widely accused of corruption, struck a deal with India's Congress Party administration that many in Kashmir saw as a betrayal of Kashmir's autonomy.
A new party, the Muslim United Front (MUF), attracted the support of a broad range of Kashmiris, including pro-independence activists, disenchanted Kashmiri youth, and Jama'at-i Islami and MUF appeared poised to do well in state elections in 1987. Blatant fraud assured a National Conference victory, which was followed by the arrests of hundreds of MUF leaders and supporters. In the aftermath, young MUF supporters joined the ranks of a growing number of militant. In late 1993, the All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC), an umbrella organization of the leaders of all the political and militant organizations fighting for independence, was founded to act as the political voice of the independence movement.
Who are the Kashmiri renegades?
On January 19, 1990, the Indian central government imposed direct rule on Jammu and Kashmir, and repression deepened. . In the mid1990s, Indian security forces began arming and training local auxiliary forces (renegade thugs) to assist in counterinsurgency operations. These gangsters assisted Indian government in its campaign against freedom fighters, which was marked by widespread human rights violations, including the shooting of unarmed demonstrators, civilian massacres, and summary executions of detainees. Human rights defenders and journalists have been among the principal victims of the renegade gangs. They are also used in the election drama occasionally staged by the Indian Government in Kashmir.
Is the freedom struggle in Jammu and Kashmir merely "cross border terrorism" from the Pakistan side?
The indigenous nature of the current Kashmir freedom struggle is well known: it started almost 12 years ago in response to the killing of 100 peaceful Kashmiri demonstrators in Srinagar; over 83198 Kashmiris have sacrificed their lives in this struggle; thousands of Kashmiris have been injured, tortured or arbitrarily detained. No external influence could have persuaded the Kashmiri people to sustain their struggle for so long in the face of India's brutal military repression. It is only genuine and popular quest for freedom, which evokes such monumental sacrifices. Under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Dr. Paula R. Newberg wrote: "Since 1989, the number of dead (in Srinagar) has reached tens of thousands, the exact number unknown. Mostly boys and men, they have died for their religious beliefs, their political beliefs or because they were in the way. The circumstances of birth have become the accidents of death".
The legitimate response to India's military repression cannot be denigrated as "terrorism". The targets of the Kashmiri freedom fighters have been the instruments of India's occupation, not innocent civilians who are Kashmiris.
Indeed, terrorist acts in Kashmir have been largely sponsored by Indian agencies and "agents provocateur". Amnesty International's report "IF they are dead; tell us", and Human Rights Watch report "India's secret army in Kashmir", both testify that India has used Kashmiri renegades to carry out the worst forms of repression and human rights violations in Kashmir. Such acts of terrorism are an integral element of the Indian strategy to malign the Kashmiri freedom movement and to exploit international abhorrence of terrorism. Renegade groups have been given names by India like "Ikhwan-ul-Muslemoon" and "Taliban" to play upon the fears in the western countries and to make the repression of Kashmiris more palatable.
What are the reasons for India's current posture?
India used the aftermath of the tragic events of September 11 as a license to crush Kashmiri movement by denigrating it as international terrorism supported by Pakistan. India hoped to emulate American action in Afghanistan. As a matter of fact, the US was not in occupation of Afghanistan when it was attacked, but in India's case, it had not only occupied Kashmir but also has been involved, for the last twelve years, in the brutal suppression of the Kashmiri freedom struggle. However, when Pakistan joined international coalition against terrorism, India saw no choice but to use terrorist activities of Kashmiri renegades to put pressure on the world to compel Pakistan to stop supporting the Kashmiri freedom struggle. It threatened war with Pakistan as a tactic to pressurize the international community. This amounted to nuclear blackmail not only against Pakistan but also against the world.
India's belligerence is a part of its campaign to de-legitimize the Kashmir struggle by equating it with terrorism. It is also in violation of the UN Charter that rejects use or threat to use force and aggression to settle international disputes and also calls upon the members to respect the right of self-determination of the peoples.
What objectives does India want to achieve out of the current crisis?
India wants to achieve the following objectives:
a) De-legitimize the Kashmiri movement by equating it with terrorism,
b) Force Pakistan to stop all political and diplomatic support to the freedom struggle in Kashmir.
c) Weaken the President of Pakistan who is committed to modernizing Pakistan by eradicating obscurantism and extremism from Pakistan. Pakistan is currently engaged in fighting against terrorism on three fronts, i.e.: (i) supporting the International Coalition in Afghanistan (ii) combating domestic extremist forces, and (iii) isolating and identifying foreign elements which might have infiltrated the Kashmiri movement.
d) Deflect international criticism on the current state-sponsored genocide of Muslims in Gujarat and repression against other minorities.
